Germanium
Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
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| Ìfarahàn |
grayish white
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| Àwọn ìní àníkárí |
| Orúkọ, àmì-ìdámọ̀, nọ́mbà |
germanium, Ge, 32 |
| Ẹ̀ka apilẹ̀sẹ̀ |
metalloid |
| Àdìpọ̀, ìgbà, block |
14, 4, p |
| Ìwúwo átọ́mù |
72.64 g·mol−1 |
| Ìtòjọ ẹ̀lẹ́ktrónì |
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Àwọn ẹ̀lẹ́ktrónì lórí ọ̀nà kan |
2, 8, 18, 4 (Image) |
| Àwọn ìní aláfójúrí |
| Phase |
solid |
| Kíki (tó súnmọ́ r.t.) |
5.323 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid density at m.p. |
5.60 g·cm−3 |
| ojúàmì ìyọ́ |
1211.40 K, 938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F |
| ajúàmì ìhó |
3106 K, 2833 °C, 5131 °F |
| Heat of fusion |
36.94 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of vaporization |
334 kJ·mol−1 |
| Specific heat capacity |
(25 °C) 23.222 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Vapor pressure |
| P/Pa |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T/K |
1644 |
1814 |
2023 |
2287 |
2633 |
3104 |
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| Atomic properties |
| Oxidation states |
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.01 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 762 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic radius |
122 pm |
| Covalent radius |
122 pm |
| Van der Waals radius |
211 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal structure |
Diamond cubic |
| Magnetic ordering |
Diamagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 1 Ω·m |
| Thermal conductivity |
(300 K) 60.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
6.0 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 5400 m/s |
| Young's modulus |
103[2] GPa |
| Shear modulus |
41[2] GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
75[2] GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.26[2] |
| Mohs hardness |
6.0 |
| CAS registry number |
7440-56-4 |
| Most stable isotopes |
| Main article: Isotopes of germanium |
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