Name:
Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)
("The Senate and People of Rome")
[nb 1]
Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù
Roman Empire |
|
|
|
Vexillum with aquila and Roman state acronym
|
|
The maximum extent of Roman Empire under Trajan in AD 117 |
| Capital |
Rome was the sole political capital until AD 286
There were several political centres during the Tetrarchy while Rome continued to be the nominal, cultural, and ideological capital.
Constantine re-founded and established the city of Constantinople as the new capital of the empire in 330[1].
Mediolanum (Milan) was its western counterpart during the increasingly frequent East/West divisions. The western imperial court was later relocated to Ravenna. |
| Language(s) |
Latin, Greek |
| Religion |
Polytheism and Roman imperial cult
(to 380)
Christianity
(from 380) |
| Government |
Autocracy |
| Emperor |
| - 27 BC–AD 14 |
Augustus |
| - 378–395 |
Theodosius I |
| - 475–476 / 1449–1453 |
Romulus Augustus / Constantine XI |
| Legislature |
Roman Senate |
| Historical era |
Classical antiquity |
| - Battle of Actium |
2 September 31 BC |
| - Octavian proclaimed Augustus |
27 BC |
| - Diocletian splits imperial administration between East and West |
285 |
| - Constantine the Great establishes Constantinople as a new imperial capital |
330 |
| - Death of Theodosius the Great, followed by permanent division of the Empire into eastern and western halves |
395 |
| - Deposition of western emperor Romulus Augustus/Fall of Constantinople * |
AD 476/1453 |
| Area |
| - 25 BC[2][3] |
2,750,000 km2 (1,061,781 sq mi) |
| - 50[2] |
4,200,000 km2 (1,621,629 sq mi) |
| - 117[2] |
5,000,000 km2 (1,930,511 sq mi) |
| - 390 [2] |
4,400,000 km2 (1,698,849 sq mi) |
| Population |
| - 25 BC[2][3] est. |
56,800,000 |
| Density |
20.7 /km2 (53.5 /sq mi) |
| - 117[2] est. |
88,000,000 |
| Density |
17.6 /km2 (45.6 /sq mi) |
| Currency |
(a) 27 BC - AD 212: 1 gold aureus (1/40 lb. of gold, devalued to 1/50 lb. by 212) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sesterces = 400 copper asses.
(b) 294 - 312: 1 gold aureus solidus (1/60 lb. of gold) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii
(c) 312 onwards: 1 gold solidus (1/72 lb.) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles |
| * These events marked the end of the Western Roman Empire (286–476)[4] and of the Eastern Roman Empire (330–1453), respectively. |
| Warning: Value specified for "continent" does not comply |
|
Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù (Roman Empire) tabi Ile Romu ni igba eyin toloselu to sele ni Romu Atijo, to je ti ijoba oseluenikan to ni agbegbe kakiri Europe ati yipo agbegbe Mediterranean.[5] Oro yi bere si je lilo lati juwe ile ijoba Romu nigba ati leyin obaluaye ibe akoko Augustus.
- footnotes
- ↑ Since classical and modern concepts of state do not coincide, other possibilities include Res publica Romana, Imperium Romanum or Romanorum (also in Greek: Βασιλείᾱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων - Basileíā tôn Rhōmaíōn - ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom') of the Romans"]) and Romania. Res publica, as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while Imperium Romanum (or, sometimes, Romanorum) is used to refer to the territorial extent of Roman authority. Populus Romanus, "the Roman people", is often used for the Roman state dealing with other nations. The term Romania, initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as the collectivity of its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was eventually carried over to the Byzantine Empire. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: Speculum, 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 (pp. 2–3).)
- citations
- Frank Frost Abbott (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
- John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5
- Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7
- J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212, 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4
- Donald R. Dudley, The Civilization of Rome, 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0
- Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9
- Freeman, Charles (1999). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-88515-0.
- Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1789
- Adrian Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, Cassell & Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5
- Adrian Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3
- Adrian Goldsworthy, The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0
- Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X
- Tom Holland, Rubicon, Little Brown, 2003, ISBN 0-316-86130-8
- Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9
- Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-2158-4
- Reid, T.R. (1997). "The World According to Rome". National Geographic 192 (2): 54–83. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/.
- Sadao Nishijima. (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Former Han", in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 545–607. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
- Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X
