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New York

Àtúnṣe àjápọ̀
Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
(Àtúnjúwe láti Ìlú New York)
New York
Ilu
Ilu New York
Clockwise from top: Midtown Manhattan, the United Nations Headquarters, the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, Central Park, Times Square, and the Unisphere in Queens
Flag of New York
Flag
Official seal of New York
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Big Apple, Gotham, Center of the Universe, The City That Never Sleeps,[1] The Capital of the World[2][3][4][5]
Location in the state of New York
Location in the state of New York
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountiesBronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond
Settled1624
Incorporated1898
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyNew York City Council
 • MayorMichael Bloomberg (I)
Area
 • Ilu468.48 sq mi (1,213.4 km2)
 • Land302.64 sq mi (783.8 km2)
 • Water165.84 sq mi (429.5 km2)
Elevation72 ft (22 m)
Population
 • Ilu8,175,133
 • Density27,012.5/sq mi (10,429.6/km2)
 • Urban
18,223,567
 • Metro
18,897,109 (1st)
 • CSA
22,085,649 (1st)
Demonym(s)New Yorker
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area code(s)212, 718, 917, 646, 347, 929
FIPS code36-51000
Websitenyc.gov

New York City (tí a mọ̀ sí ìlú New York káàkiri àgbáyé), tí a sábà máa ń pè ní ìlú New York ( NYC ), [lower-alpha 1] ni ìlú tí ó ní ènìyàn jùlọ ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà . Ó wà ní ìpẹ̀kun gúúsù ìpínlẹ̀ New York ní èbúté New York, ọ̀kan lára àwọn èbúté àdánidá tó tóbi jùlọ ní àgbáyé. Ìlú náà ní àwọn agbègbè márùn-ún, ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan wọn sì ní àpapọ̀ pẹ̀lú agbègbè rẹ̀ . Ó jẹ́ ibi tí àwọn ènìyàn ń gbé ní Northeast megalopolis àti agbègbè ìlú ńlá New York, agbègbè ìlú ńlá tó tóbi jùlọ ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà nípa iye ènìyàn àti agbègbè ìlú ńlá. New York jẹ́ ibùdó ìṣúná owó àgbáyé[10] àti ìṣòwò, àṣà, ìmọ̀ ẹ̀ro,[11] eré ìnàjú àti ìròyìn, ẹ̀kọ́ àti àwọn ohun èlò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì,[12] iṣẹ́ ọnà àti àṣà, àti, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ilé olú ilé iṣẹ́ ti Àjọ Àgbáyé, iṣẹ́ ìjọba àgbáyé.[lower-alpha 1]

Pẹ̀lú iye ènìyàn tí a ṣírò ní oṣù Keje ọdún 2024 ti 8,478,072, tí a pín káàkiri ju 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2) lọ.300.46 square miles (778.2 km2),[18] ìlú náà ni ìlú pàtàkì tí ènìyàn pọ̀ jùlọ ní Amẹ́ríkà. Ìlú New York ní iye ènìyàn tó ju ìlọ́po méjì lọ ní Los Angeles, ìlú kejì tí ènìyàn pọ̀ jùlọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà.[19][20] Ó ju ènìyàn 20.1 mílíọ̀nù ènìyàn ló ń gbé ní àgbègbè ìṣirò ìlú ńlá ìlú New York àti mílíọ̀nù 23.5 ní àpapọ̀ àgbègbè ìṣirò rẹ̀ ní ọdún 2020, méjèèjì tó tóbi jùlọ ní Amẹ́ríkà. Ìlú náà jẹ́ ìlú ńlá o sì jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìlú ńlá tó ní ènìyàn jùlọ ní àgbáyé.[21] Ìlú ńlá náà àti agbègbè ìlú ńlá rẹ̀ ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹnu ọ̀nà pàtàkì fún ìṣíkiri òfin sí Amẹ́ríkà . A fojú díwọ̀n pé èdè 800 ni wọ́n ń sọ ní ìlú New York, ló sì mú kí ó jẹ́ ìlú tó ní onírúurú èdè jùlọ ní àgbáyé.[22][23] Agbègbè ìlú ńlá ìlú New York City ni ilé fún àwọn ènìyàn tó pọ̀ jùlọ ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè àjèjì ní gbogbo agbègbè ìlú ńlá ní àgbáyé, tó tó mílíọ̀nù 5.9 ní ọdún 2023.

Orírun orúkọ ìlú náà

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ní ọdún 1664, wọ́n sọ orúkọ ìlú New York ní ọlá fún Dúkì ti York (ẹni tí ó di Ọba James Kejì ti ìlú England lẹ́yìn náà).[24] Àbúrò James, Ọba Charles II, yàn án gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùṣàkóso agbègbè New Netherland tẹ́lẹ̀, títí kan ìlú New Amsterdam, nígbà tí ìjọba ìlú England gbà á lọ́wọ́ ìjọba Dutch.[25] Wọ́n yí orúkọ New Netherland padà sí Agbègbè New York (tí a mọ̀ sí Ìpínlẹ̀ New York báyìí).[26]

Ìtàn ìlú New York

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ní àkókò kí ó tó di àkókò Columbia, àwọn Algonquians ló ń gbé ní ìlú New York lónìí, títí kan àwọn Lenape . Ìlú ìbílẹ̀ wọn, tí a mọ̀ sí Lenapehoking, ní àwọn agbègbè Staten Island, Manhattan, Bronx, apá ìwọ̀ oòrùn Long Island (pẹ̀lú Brooklyn àti Queens ), àti Lower Hudson Valley.[27] Ìbẹ̀wò àkọ́kọ́ tí a kọ sílẹ̀ láti ọwọ́ ará Europe kan sí èbúté New York ni ọdún 1524 láti ọwọ́ olùṣàwárí Giovanni da Verrazzano.[28] Ó gba agbègbè náà fún ilẹ̀ Faransé ó sì sọ ọ́ ní Nouvelle Angoulême ( Angoulême Tuntun).[29] Ìrìnàjò ará Spain, tí olórí ọkọ̀ ojú omi ará Portugal Estêvão Gomes ṣe olórí rẹ̀, tí ó ń rìnrìn àjò lọ sí Emperor Charles. V, dé èbúté New York ní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1525, ó sì ṣe àtẹ ìsàlẹ̀ etí odò Hudson, èyí tí ó sọ ní Río de San Antonio ('Odò Saint Anthony').[30] Ní ọdún 1609, olùṣàwárí ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì náà , Henry Hudson, tún ṣàwárí èbúté New York nígbà tí ó ń wá Northwest Passage sí Orient fún ilé-iṣẹ́ Dutch East India.[31] Ó wọ ọkọ̀ ojú omi lọ sí ibi tí àwọn ará Dutch ń pè ní North River (tó jẹ́ Odò Hudson báyìí), tí Hudson kọ́kọ́ pè ní Mauritius lẹ́yìn Maurice, Prince of Orange.[32]

Hudson gba àgbègbè náà fún Ile-iṣẹ Dutch East India. Ni ọdun 1614, àgbègbè láàrín Cape Cod ati Delaware Bay ni Netherlands gbà àti pé a pe ní Nieuw-Nederland (' New Netherland '). Ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí kìí ṣe ọmọ ìbílẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà tí ó gbé ní ìlú New York ni Juan Rodriguez, oníṣòwò kàn láti Santo Domingo tí ó dé Manhattan ní ìgbà òtútù ọdún 1613–14, tí ó ń dẹkùn mú àwọn ẹranko, tí ó sì ń ṣòwò pẹ̀lú àwọn ènìyàn agbègbè gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú àwọn ará Netherlands.[33][34]

Ìjọba Ilé Dutch

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
The Castello Plan, a 1660 map of New Amsterdam in Lower Manhattan
New Amsterdam, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York

Wọ́n dá ìdúróṣinṣin àwọn ará Yúróòpù nítòsí èbúté New York sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1624, èyí sì mú kí New York jẹ́ ibùdó kejìlá tí ó ti pẹ́ jùlọ ní Yúróòpù tí wọ́n ń gbé nígbà gbogbo ní orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà, pẹ̀lú ìdásílẹ̀ ibùdó ìṣòwò irun Dutch kan ní erékùsù Governors . Ní ọdún 1625, wọ́n bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí kọ́ ilé ìṣọ́ kan àti Fort Amsterdam, tí wọ́n ń pè ní Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), ní erékùsù Manhattan òde òní.[35][36] Àgbègbè ìlú New Amsterdam fẹ̀ láti ìpẹ̀kun gúúsù Manhattan sí Wall Street òde òní, níbi tí ó ga 12 feet (3.7 m) wọ́n kọ́ ibi ìkópamọ́ igi ní ọdún 1653 láti dáàbò bo àwọn ìkọlù àwọn ará Amẹ́ríkà àti àwọn ọmọ ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì.[37] Ní ọdún 1626, Olùdarí Àgbà fún àwọn ará Netherlands, Peter Minuit, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ilé iṣẹ́ Dutch West India Company ṣe fẹ̀sùn kàn án, ra erékùsù Manhattan láti ọwọ́ Canarsie, ẹgbẹ́ orin Lenape kékeré kan,[38] fún "iye owó guilders 60"[39] (tó tó $900 ní ọdún 2018).[40] Ìtàn àròsọ kan tí wọ́n sábà máa ń sọ ṣùgbọ́n tí wọn kò gbàgbọ́ sọ pé wọ́n ra Manhattan fún iye owó 24 ti àwọn ìlẹ̀kẹ̀ gilasi.[41][42]

Lẹ́yìn ríra náà, New Amsterdam dàgbà díẹ̀díẹ̀.[43] Láti fa àwọn olùgbé, àwọn ará Netherlands gbé ètò ìtọ́jú kalẹ̀ ní ọdún 1628, níbi tí àwọn ọlọ́rọ̀ ará Netherlands ( àwọn olùtọ́jú, tàbí àwọn olùtọ́jú) tí wọ́n mú 50 àwọn amúnisìn wá sí New Netherland yóò gba ilẹ̀, òmìnira ìṣèlú àdúgbò, àti ẹ̀tọ́ láti kópa nínú ìṣòwò irun onírun tí ó ń tà èrè. Ètò yìí kò ní àṣeyọrí púpọ̀.[44]

Láti ọdún 1621, Dutch West India Company ti ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olórí ìjọba ní New Netherland, lábẹ́ àṣẹ tí Dutch States General fún ní. Ní ọdún 1639–1640, láti mú kí ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé lágbára sí i, Dutch West India Company fi agbára ìṣàkóso rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ lórí ìṣòwò irun, èyí sì yọrí sí ìdàgbàsókè nínú ìṣelọ́pọ́ àti ìṣòwò oúnjẹ, igi, tábà, àti àwọn ẹrú (ní pàtàkì pẹ̀lú Dutch West Indies [43][45]

Ní ọdún 1647, Peter Stuyvesant bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Olùdarí Àgbà tó kẹ́yìn ní New Netherland. Nígbà tí ó wà ní ipò rẹ̀, iye àwọn ènìyàn ní New Netherland pọ̀ sí i láti ẹgbẹ̀rún méjì sí ẹgbẹ̀rún mẹ́jọ.[46][47] Wọ́n ti gbóríyìn fún Stuyvesant fún mímú òfin àti ìlànà sunwọ̀n sí i; síbẹ̀, ó gba orúkọ rere gẹ́gẹ́ bí olórí apàṣẹwàá . Ó gbé àwọn ìlànà kalẹ̀ lórí títà ọtí, ó gbìyànjú láti fi agbára mú kí Ṣọ́ọ̀ṣì Àtúnṣe Dutch, ó sì dí àwọn ẹgbẹ́ ìsìn mìíràn lọ́wọ́ láti dá àwọn ilé ìjọsìn sílẹ̀.[48]

Ìgbẹ́jọ́ àti ìdásílẹ̀ John Peter Zenger ní Manhattan ní ọdún 1735, ẹni tí wọ́n fi ẹ̀sùn kan pé ó ń sọ̀rọ̀ ìdìtẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ó ṣe àríwísí gómìnà ìjọba amúnisìn William Cosby, ló ran lọ́wọ́ láti fi òmìnira ìròyìn múlẹ̀ ní Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà.[49] Ní ọdún 1754, wọ́n dá Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga Columbia sílẹ̀.[50]

Ìṣàkóso àwọn Gẹ̀ẹ́sì

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
The Fall of New Amsterdam, painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, depicting the Conquest of New Netherland
Fort George and New York with British warships, c. 1731

Ní ọdún 1664, nígbà tí Stuyvesant kò lè gbé àtakò tó lágbára jáde, ó fi New Amsterdam lé àwọn ọmọ ogun Gẹ̀ẹ́sì lọ́wọ́, tí Colonel Richard Nicolls ṣe olórí, láìsí ìtàjẹ̀sílẹ̀.[48][51] Àwọn òfin ìfisílẹ̀ náà fún àwọn olùgbé Dutch láyè láti dúró sí agbègbè náà, wọ́n sì fún wọn ní òmìnira ìsìn.[52]

Ní ọdún 1667, nígbà tí wọ́n ń ṣe àdéhùn sí Àdéhùn Breda lẹ́yìn Ogun Anglo-Dutch Kejì, àwọn ará Dutch tí wọ́n ṣẹ́gun pinnu láti pa ilẹ̀ ìtọ́jú oko tuntun tí a ń pè ní Suriname mọ́, èyí tí wọ́n ti jèrè láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ará England,[53], àti ní ìgbẹ̀yìn, àwọn ará England pa New Amsterdam mọ́. Wọ́n yí orúkọ ìlú náà padà sí "New York" ní kíákíá gẹ́gẹ́ bí Duke of York (ọba James Kejì àti VII tí yóò máa bọ̀).[54] Duke náà fún àwọn onílé ní George Carteret àti John Berkeley ní apá kan ìlú náà.[55]

Ní ọjọ́ kẹrìnlélógún oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 1673, nígbà Ogun Anglo-Dutch Kẹta, Anthony Colve ti ẹgbẹ́ ọmọ ogun ojú omi Dutch gba ìlú New York ní àṣẹ Cornelis Evertsen, ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ kékeré jùlọ, ó sì tún sọ ọ́ di “Oranje Tuntun” lẹ́yìn William. Kẹta, Ọmọ-alade Osan..[56] Kò pẹ́ tí àwọn ará Netherlands fi dá erékùsù náà padà sí England lábẹ́ Àdéhùn Westminster ti oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 1674.[57][58]

Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ogun ẹ̀yà láàárín àwọn ará Amẹ́ríkà àti àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn tí ó wáyé nípasẹ̀ ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn ará Yúróòpù fa àdánù ńlá fún àwọn ènìyàn Lenape láàárín ọdún 1660 sí 1670.[59] Nígbà tí ó fi di ọdún 1700, iye àwọn ènìyàn Lenape ti dín sí 200.[60] Ní New York, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn ibà ofeefee ní ọ̀rúndún 18, ó sì pàdánù ìdá mẹ́wàá nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún àwọn ènìyàn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1702 nìkan.[61][62]

Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kejìdínlógún, New York di ibi pàtàkì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ibùdó ìṣòwò gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan lára àkóso ìlú New York.[63] Ó di ibùdó ẹrú, pẹ̀lú 42% àwọn ìdílé tí ó sọ àwọn ará Áfíríkà di ẹrú ní ọdún 1730.[64] Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ jẹ́ ẹrú ilé ; àwọn mìíràn ni a gbà síṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí òṣìṣẹ́. Ìsìnrú di ohun tí ó so mọ́ ọrọ̀ ajé ìlú New York nípasẹ̀ iṣẹ́ àwọn ẹrú jákèjádò èbúté náà, àti àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìfowópamọ́ àti ọkọ̀ ojú omi tí wọ́n ń ṣòwò pẹ̀lú Amẹ́ríkà Gúúsù . Nígbà tí wọ́n ń kọ́lé ní Foley Square ní ọdún 1990, wọ́n ṣàwárí Ibùsùn Àwọn Adúláwọ̀ ; ibojì náà ní 10,000 sí 20,000 ibojì àwọn ará Áfíríkà ìgbà ìjọba amúnisìn, àwọn kan tí wọ́n ti di ẹrú àti àwọn tí wọ́n ti di òmìnira.[65]

Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  1. ↑ "Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?"". Dictionary.com, LLC. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  2. ↑ "Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World". Mpiweb.org. September 22, 1924. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  3. ↑ "About New York City". The City of New York. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  4. ↑ Eugene J. Sherman. "FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World". The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  5. ↑ "New York City: The Capital of the World". 2011 Viacom International Inc. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  6. ↑ the Mayor, New York City Office of (January 8, 2010). "Biography". New York, City of. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
  7. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  8. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  9. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  10. ↑ "Shanghai and New York—Similar, But Different". China.org. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  11. ↑ Eisenpress, Cara (April 28, 2023). "New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech". Crain Communications. https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech.
  12. ↑ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities". nature.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  13. ↑ "NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  14. ↑ "DDC New York". Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018. Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Will Martin; Libertina Brandt (June 14, 2019). "The 21 most influential cities in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  16. ↑ Edward Robb Ellis (December 21, 2004). The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. Basic Books. p. 593. ISBN 9780786714360. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx3RDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA594. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  17. ↑ Roberts, Sam (September 14, 2017). "When the World Called for a Capital". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/nyregion/when-the-world-called-for-a-capital.html.
  18. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named QuickFacts
  19. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Estimate2024
  20. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyc.gov
  21. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau History: New York City and the New Year, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2021, 3,079,776 New Yorkers identified themselves as foreign-born, including 1,542,413 Latin American, 910,151 Asian, and 443,113 European immigrants.... The 2020 Census found that New York City was home to 8,804,190 people. Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's distant second most populous city with 3,898,747 residents."
  22. ↑ Sam Roberts (April 29, 2010). "Listening to (and Saving) the World's Languages". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/nyregion/29lost.html?hpw. "These are not just some of the languages that make New York the most linguistically diverse city in the world. They are part of a remarkable trove of endangered tongues that have taken root in New York, languages born in every corner of the globe and now more commonly heard in various corners of New York than anywhere else."
  23. ↑ "New York, the World's Most Linguistically Diverse Metropolis". Columbia University. June 5, 2025. Retrieved August 17, 2025.
  24. ↑ Badoe, Etta (November 11, 2015). "1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (2013). New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change. Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8014-6891-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=9bTxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19.
  26. ↑ "James, Duke of York". Historical Society of the New York Courts. Retrieved March 14, 2021. James sent a fleet [...], the Dutch surrendered, English rule was established, and the colony [New Netherland] was renamed New York.
  27. ↑ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York. Council Oak Books. p. 27. ISBN 1-57178-107-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=c5hky9f5PgoC&pg=PA27.
  28. ↑ Debo, Angie (2013). A History of the Indians of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8061-8965-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=pLjYpwiuN_wC&pg=PT28.
  29. ↑ Rankin, Rebecca B.; Rodgers, Cleveland (1948). New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262.
  30. ↑ WPA Writer's Project (2004). A Maritime History of New York. Going Coastal Productions. p. 246. ISBN 0-9729803-1-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC.
  31. ↑ Lankevich, George J. (2002). New York City: A Short History. NYU Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8147-5186-2. https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor.
  32. ↑ "The Hudson River". New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  33. ↑ Roberts, Sam (October 2, 2012). "Honoring a Very Early New Yorker". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/.
  34. ↑ "CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York's First Immigrant". The City College of New York. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  35. ↑ Dutch Colonies, National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
  36. ↑ GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
  37. ↑ "Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology". PBS. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  38. ↑ Binder, Frederick M.; Reimers, David M. (1996). All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-231-07879-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC.
  39. ↑ "Pieter Schaghen Letter". S4ulanguages.com. 1626. Retrieved October 28, 2021. "... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ..." ("... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...)
  40. ↑ "Value of the Guilder versus Euro". International Institute of Social History. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  41. ↑ "Peter Schaghen Letter". Nnp.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Miller, Christopher L.; Hamell, George R. (September 1986). "A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade". The Journal of American History 73 (2): 311–328. doi:10.2307/1908224. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 1908224.
  43. 1 2 "Dutch Colonies". National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ "The Patroon System". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ "The Story of New Amsterdam". New Amsterdam History Center. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  46. ↑ Jacobs, Jaap (2009). The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America. Cornell University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0801475160. https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC.
  47. ↑ Eisenstadt, Peter; Moss, Laura-Eve; Huxley, Carole F. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1051. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tmHEm5ohoCUC&q=New+Amsterdam+grew+from+under+2,000+to+8,000&pg=PA1051.
  48. 1 2 "Peter Stuyvesant". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ Linder, Doug (2001). "The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account". University of Missouri–Kansas City. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  50. ↑ Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876. Columbia University. p. 8. https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog.
  51. ↑ "Peter Stuyvesant". New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  52. ↑ "The surrender of New Netherland, 1664". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Treaty of Breda". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Breda. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  54. ↑ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8050-7842-8.
  55. ↑ Miller, John (2000). James II (The English Monarchs Series). Yale University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-300-08728-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ.
  56. ↑ Roper, L. H. (2017). Advancing Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-107-11891-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215.
  57. ↑ Van Luling, Todd (April 17, 2014). "8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html.
  58. ↑ Douglas, Peter. "The Man Who Took Back New Netherland" (PDF). New Netherland Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ "Native Americans". Penn Treaty Museum. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  60. ↑ "Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700–1800
  61. ↑ Nogueira, Pedro (2009). "The Early History of Yellow Fever (PDF)". Thomas Jefferson University.
  62. ↑ "Timeline – Yellow Fever in America". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  63. ↑ Foote, Thelma Wills (2004). Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City. Oxford University Press, US. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-508809-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68.
  64. ↑ Oltman, Adele (October 24, 2005). "The Hidden History of Slavery in New York". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191130043006/https://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york/. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  65. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; Cérol, Marie-José (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. SAGE. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7619-2762-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33.
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