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Afẹsodi Opioid ni Iwọ-oorun Afirika

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Ni ọdun 2023, awọn ijagba oogun nipasẹ awọn alaṣẹ ni Afirika ṣe iṣiro idaji awọn ijagba agbaye ti awọn opioids elegbogi, paapaa tramadol. [1] Oṣuwọn giga ti lilo tramadol ati afẹsodi ni Ghana, Togo, Nàìjíríà ati Benin. [2] Ni Iwo-oorun Afirika, awọn opiates jẹ olokiki paapaa laarin awọn ọdọ, paapaa awọn ọdọ, ati laarin awọn eniyan ti n ṣiṣẹ laala ati ni awọn iṣẹ kilasi ṣiṣẹ. [2] [3] [4]

Nipa orilẹ-ede

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Nàìjíríà

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Ni ọdun 2024, opioids ni o jẹ okunfa akọkọ ti iwọn lilo oogun oloro ni Nàìjíríà. [5] Ni ọdun 2024, awọn opioids bii tramadol ati codeine wa ni ibigbogbo ni Naijiria.[4] Awọn opiates miiran ti o wa pẹlu pentazocine ati morphine. [4] Lilo opiate ni ibigbogbo, ni ilu mejeeji ati awọn agbegbe igberiko. [4] Ni diẹ ninu awọn agbegbe, lilo opioid jẹ deede, ati pe a rii bi ọna ti ko ni abuku lati koju wahala ti ara ẹni. [4]

Ni ọdun 2024, awọn ile-iṣẹ itọju diẹ wa. [4] Igbese agbofinro ti dojukọ lori iwa-ọdaran ti lilo oogun, dipo idalọwọduro ipese awọn oogun naa [4]

Ní èsì, ìjọba orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ti gbé iṣẹ́ lé àjọ National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) lọ́wọ́ láti gbógun ti ọ̀rọ̀ ògbólógbòó náà. [5] Oògùn ti wa ni gba, ati awọn olumulo ti wa ni mu. [5] Ipolowo akiyesi ti gbogbo eniyan nipa awọn ewu ti oogun wa ni ipa. [5] Awọn ọja oogun ti ṣiṣi ti ni idinamọ, nibiti awọn ile itaja ati awọn ile itaja ti ta awọn oogun tẹlẹ laisi ilana eyikeyi. [5] Ṣiṣẹjade codeine agbegbe ati tita laisi iwe ilana oogun ti ni idinamọ. [5]

Ghana

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Ni ọdun 2021, a ṣe iṣiro pe laarin 24.9% ati 77.6% ti awọn ọdọ Ghanian lo tramadol ni ere idaraya. [2] Awọn ọkunrin diẹ sii ju awọn obinrin lo oogun naa, ati paapaa awọn ọkunrin ni eka iṣẹ laiṣe. [2]

Ni awọn oniroyin orilẹ-ede Ghana, lilo tramadol ti awọn ọdọ ti ṣe agbekalẹ ni awọn ofin iwa, dipo ọrọ ilera. [2] Awọn ifosiwewe igbekalẹ ni awujọ Ghanian ti o le ni ipa lori gbigba lilo Tramadol, pẹlu awọn ipo iṣẹ ti ko dara, ati aibalẹ ati aidaniloju iṣẹ. [2]

Awọn olumulo ere idaraya ti tramadol wa ni kilasi arin Ghana. [2] “lilo iṣẹ ṣiṣe” lojoojumọ diẹ sii wa laarin awọn ti n ṣe iṣẹ ti ara ti o le. [2] Awọn oṣuwọn lilo tramadol ga julọ laarin awọn alainiṣẹ. [2]

Awọn idi toka fun lilo tramadol, pẹlu iṣesi igbega, iderun wahala, ifarada ti ara ni iṣẹ, ati bi imudara ibalopo. [6] Diẹ ninu awọn olumulo tramadol royin pe awọn agbanisiṣẹ ti fi agbara mu lati mu oogun naa, ki wọn le ṣiṣẹ takuntakun, ati fun awọn wakati pipẹ. [6]

Liberia

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"Kush" jẹ oogun sintetiki ti a ta ni Liberia ni fọọmu pellet, fun 100 dọla Liberia fun pellet ni 2023, deede Adota US senti. [7] O jẹ “Kush” kanna bi a ti rii ni Sierra Leone. [7] Ni ọdun 2024, Kush ṣe idanwo ni Sierra Leone ati Guinea-Bissau ni taba lile ninu, ti o dapọ pẹlu awọn itọsẹ nitazene, tramadol ati formaldehyde.. [8] Ni Sierra Leone ni ọdun 2024, 83% ti awọn ayẹwo Kush ni awọn nitazenes ninu, eyiti o jẹ awọn opiates sintetiki ti o lagbara. [8] Ni Guinea ni 2024, 55% ti awọn ayẹwo ni awọn nitazenes ninu. [8]

Ivory Coast

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Ni 2025, tapentadol jẹ opioid ti o wa ni Ivory Coast. [9] Ni Ivory Coast, o jẹ olowo poku ati pe o wa ni ibigbogbo. [9] Ni ọdun 2025, iwadii iroyin agbaye ti BBC ṣe awari pe tapentadol ni Ivory Coast ni a njade lati ọdọ awọn olupese oogun ni India. [9]

Aami apapo ti a ta ni Ivory Coast, jẹ "Tramaking". [3] O ti ṣelọpọ ni India, o si ni tapentadol ati carisoprodol ninu. [3] Carisoprodol jẹ isinmi iṣan. [3] Awọn oogun meji ni idapo, opiate ati isinmi iṣan, le fa ikọlu ati iku. [3] Ni agbegbe, a ma tọka si nigba miiran bi “apple”, tabi “225”. [3]

Ni ọdun 2023, orin kan ṣe igbega ami iyasọtọ agbegbe kan ti tramadol ti a npè ni “kadhafi”. [3] Ni ifọkansi si awọn ọdọ, awọn orin orin naa tun sọ gbolohun naa "Mo fẹ lati ga si kadhafi". [3] Kadhafi iye owo laarin 200 ati 500 CFA francs, laarin € 0.30 ati € 0.76 awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu, fun tabulẹti kan. [3] Ni Oṣu Keje 2023, ọlọpa Ivorian ṣe ifilọlẹ ipolongo egboogi-oògùn ni idahun. [3] Ninu ikọlu kan nikan, 927 kg ti awọn tabulẹti ni a gba. [3]

Sierra Leone

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"Kush" jẹ oogun sintetiki ti o gbilẹ ni Sierra Leone, ti o ni awọn opioids sintetiki ni irisi Nitazenes, ati/tabi awọn cannabinoids sintetiki.[1] Awọn kemikali ti paṣẹ lati Ilu China lẹhinna dapọ ni awọn laabu ni olu ilu Sierra Leone Freetown [10] Awọn kemikali ti wa ni pipaṣẹ lati China ati lẹhinna dapọ ni awọn ile-iṣẹ laabu ni Freetown olu-ilu Sierra Leone. [10] Omi ti o jade ni a fun sokiri sori ohun elo ọgbin, lati mu mu ati ta bi kush. [10]

Awọn opioids sintetiki ati awọn cannabinoids ninu awọn oogun jẹ afẹsodi pupọ. [10] IItankale Kush ti fa ibajẹ ọlọpa ni Sierra Leone. [10] 'Cartels' jẹ orukọ agbegbe fun awọn ọpa mimu kush. [10]

Idanwo pẹlu awọn ilana titun lati mu giga ti o ni nkan ṣe pẹlu Kush, ti pọ si iwọn awọn iwọn apọju. [10] Kush jẹ apanirun. [11] Iwọn giga ti o pese olumulo jẹ igba pipẹ. [11] Awọn aami aiṣan ti afẹsodi wa lati awọn egbò, si psychosis. [11] Kush le fa ẹdọ, kidinrin ati awọn iṣoro atẹgun. [11] Ijabọ 2025 kan rii pe o fẹrẹ to idaji Kush ti Sierra Leone ni awọn opioids ninu to awọn akoko 25 ni okun sii ju fentany lọ.[11]

Ni 2024, ijọba ti Sierra Leone kede pe lilo Kush jẹ pajawiri ilera ilera gbogbo eniyan, o si ṣe agbekalẹ ofin, ilera, ati awọn ọna idena. [11]

Awọn obinrin ni Sierra Leone labẹ ipa Kush, ti jẹ ipalara si ifipabanilopo. [11] Awọn obirin ti wa ni aboyun lakoko ti o ga lori Kush, ati pe wọn ko mọ awọn ọkunrin ti o ni idajọ. [11]

Awọn ọkunrin diẹ sii lo Kush ju awọn obinrin lọ. [11] Awọn obinrin afẹsodi ni Sierra Leone ti lọra lati wa itọju, nitori abuku awujọ. [11]

Awọn itọkasi

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  1. ↑ Sharkah, Madlyn (19 April 2024). "Tackling Substance Abuse: WHO Supports Efforts to Combat the Kush Epidemic in Sierra Leone". World Health Organisation. https://www.afro.who.int/countries/sierra-leone/news/tackling-substance-abuse-who-supports-efforts-combat-kush-epidemic-sierra-leone.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alhassan, Jacob (December 2022). “Here in Ghana hard work don’t deserve money”: The uncertainty and precarity of youth who use tramadol. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321522001275#:~:text=Ghana%20is%20one%20of%20several,Affinnih%2C%201999%2C%202005).. Retrieved 27 April 2025. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2022GhanaTramadol" defined multiple times with different content
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jeannin, Marine (September 22, 2023). "In Côte d'Ivoire, the hunt for 'gaddafi,' the latest hype drug for young people". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/09/22/in-cote-d-ivoire-the-hunt-for-gaddafi-the-latest-hype-drug-for-young-people_6138431_124.html. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2023LeMonde" defined multiple times with different content
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alare, Kehinde (October 19, 2024). The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01855-5/fulltext. Retrieved 27 April 2025. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NigeriaLancet2024" defined multiple times with different content
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oladapo, Rasaq; Oladapo, Mariam. "Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability". Society for the Study of Addiction. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16710. Retrieved 27 April 2025. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NigeriaSSA2024" defined multiple times with different content
  6. 1 2 Peprah, Prince; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Appiah-Brempong, Emmanuel; Gyimah Akwasi, Adjei; Kwame Morgan, Anthony (23 July 2020). "“With tramadol, I ride like a Jaguar”: a qualitative study of motivations for non-medical purpose tramadol use among commercial vehicle operators in Kumasi, Ghana". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. https://substanceabusepolicy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13011-020-00292-4. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  7. 1 2 Kane, Coumba (November 24, 2023). "Liberia's youth shattered by another war: Drugs". https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/11/24/liberia-s-youth-shattered-by-another-war-drugs_6286299_124.html.
  8. 1 2 3 "Report: Highly potent opioids now show up in drug users in Africa". Associated Press. June 15, 2024. https://www.voanews.com/a/report-highly-potent-opioids-now-showing-up-in-drug-users-in-africa/7653980.html.
  9. 1 2 3 Wong, Vicky. "India bans two opioids behind crisis in West Africa". https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdx2vwg8gq1o.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McMakin, Wilson (February 26, 2025). "The main ingredients in Sierra Leone’s kush are synthetic opioids and cannabinoids, report finds". https://apnews.com/article/sierra-leone-kush-report-nitazenes-5dedc2de0d4ca4fbd24f86b158cbe018.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kelly, Caitlin. "Sierra Leone declared an emergency over a powerful synthetic drug but women were left behind". https://apnews.com/article/sierra-leone-kush-drug-abuse-emergency-d8f8d03e4b7e7899adfac15808e42ba8.
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