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Gay liberation

Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
Gay liberation
Part of LGBT movements
and the sexual revolution
A color photograph of the Stonewall Inn, taken in the summer of 2016; the doorway and windows are decorated with rainbow flags
Gay liberation demonstration in 1970
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Caused bySexual revolution, Homophobia
GoalsIncreasing legal rights for LGBT people
Increasing acceptance of LGBT people
Countering internalized homophobia
MethodsCivil resistance
Coming out
Consciousness raising
Direct action
Resulted inSuccess in many of the goals
Legalized same-sex marriage and other LGBT rights in some jurisdictions
Continuing widespread homophobia
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures
Units involved
Number
Casualties and losses
Casualties

Àdàkọ:LGBTQ sidebar

Lambda -kekere, akọkọ ti a lo ni ọdun 1970 gẹgẹbi aami ti o nsoju awọn ẹtọ onibaje [1] [2]

Egbe ominira onibaje jẹ àgbékalẹ̀ awujọ ati iṣelu ti wọn dá kalẹ ni ipari awọn ọdun 1960 nipasẹ aarin awọn ọdun 1980 [lower-alpha 1] ni àgbáyé Iwọ-oorun, ti o rọ awọn obìnrin aṣebiakọ ati awọn ọkùnrin Gay láti ṣe ni igbese taara, ati lati kojú ìtìjú ti awujọ pẹlu iyì gẹ́gẹ́ bíi LGBTQ . [5] Ni awọn abo ẹmí ti awọn ara ẹni jije òṣèlú , awọn julọ ipilẹ lati ṣe idasile pẹlu ijajagbara láti jade se gbàǹgbà larin awon ebi, awọn ọrẹ, ati awọn ara, gẹgẹbi eniyan láwùjọ lasi ìdojúkọ tabi ido ju tí. [5]

Stonewall Inn ni abúlé Gay ti Greenwich Village, Manhattan, ní Ìlú New York, jẹ ààyè ti awọn rògbòdìyàn Stonewall ni Okudu ọdun 1969, o si di ijoko ti egbe awọn ẹtọ LGBT òde òní, ati igbiyanju òmìnira LGBTQ ti o tẹle. [6][7][8] Ni ibẹrẹ pẹpẹ awọn aadọrin ọdun, awọn ìrìn-àjò iṣelu ọdọọdun nipasẹ awọn ìlù pàtàki, (nigbagbogbo waye ni Oṣu Karùn-ún, ni akọkọ láti ṣe ìrántí iranti aseye ọdun ti awọn iṣẹlẹ ni Stonewall) ni a tun mọ ni awọn irin-ajo “Ominira LGBTQ”. Ko títì nígbà mìíràn ninu awọn seventies (ni ilu LGBTQ awọn ile-iṣẹ) ati dáradára sinú awọn ọgọrin (ni awọn agbegbe kere) ni awọn irinse bẹrẹ lati wa ni a npe ni " LGBTQ Pride parades ". Awọn awujọ LGBTQ ti àgbègbè ni North America, South America, Western Europe, Australia ati New Zealand si darapo mo wọn.

Òmìnira LGBTQ ni a tun mọ fun awọn ọna asopọ rẹ si counterculture ti akoko (fun apẹẹrẹ awọn ẹgbẹ bi Radical Faeries ) ati fun diẹ ninu awọn ero liberationists onibaje lati yi pada tabi parẹ awọn ile-iṣẹ ipilẹ ti awujọ gẹgẹbi akọ-abo ati idile iparun, laibikita boya wọn ni ohunkohun lati ṣe pẹlu awọn ipilẹ gangan ti awọn ẹtọ onibaje. [9] Fun diẹ ninu awọn aiṣedeede ti gbigbe, iṣelu jẹ ipilẹṣẹ, alatako-ẹlẹyamẹya, ati atako-kapitalist . [10] Lati le ṣaṣeyọri iru awọn ibi-afẹde, igbega aiji ati igbese taara ni a lo. Lakoko ti ijakadi HIV/AIDS ati akiyesi (ni awọn ẹgbẹ bii ACT UP ) ṣe ipilẹṣẹ igbi tuntun ti awọn obinrin aṣebiakọ ati awọn ọkunrin onibaje ni awọn ọdun 1980, ati awọn ẹgbẹ radical ti tẹsiwaju lati wa lati igba naa, ni ibẹrẹ awọn ọdun 1990 radicalism ti ominira onibaje ti bori ni akọkọ nipasẹ awọn ẹtọ tuntun-jade, awọn ẹtọ ti ara ilu ati awọn ẹtọ awọn obinrin ti o tẹnuba. [11]

Ọrọ ti ominira onibaje nigbakan n tọka si iṣipopada gbooro lati fopin si irẹjẹ awujọ ati ti ofin si awọn eniyan LGBT. [12] [13] Nigba miiran ọrọ ti ominira onibaje paapaa ni a lo bakannaa tabi paarọ pẹlu ẹgbẹ awọn ẹtọ onibaje . [14] Igbimọ Ọjọ Ominira Opopona Christopher ni a ṣẹda ni Ilu New York lati ṣe iranti iranti aseye akọkọ ti awọn rudurudu Okudu 1969 Stonewall, ibẹrẹ ti aṣa atọwọdọwọ agbaye ti iṣẹlẹ ipari-Okudu lati ṣe ayẹyẹ igberaga onibaje. [15] Awọn ajọdun igberaga onibaje ọdọọdun ni Berlin, Cologne, ati awọn ilu Jamani miiran ni a mọ ni Awọn Ọjọ opopona Christopher tabi “CSD”.

Origins ati itan ti gbigbe

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Botilẹjẹpe awọn rudurudu Stonewall ti ọdun 1969 ni Ilu New York jẹ iranti olokiki bi sipaki ti o ṣe agbeka tuntun kan, awọn ipilẹṣẹ ti ṣaju awọn iṣẹlẹ aami wọnyi. [16] Atako si awọn ọpa ọlọpa ko jẹ nkan tuntun: ni ibẹrẹ ọdun 1725, awọn alabara ja ija ikọlu ọlọpa kan ni ile molly fohun kan ti Ilu Lọndọnu. [17]

Awọn agbeka ti a ṣeto, ni pataki ni Iwọ-oorun Yuroopu, ti n ṣiṣẹ lọwọ lati ọrundun 19th, ti n ṣe agbejade awọn atẹjade, ṣiṣe awọn ẹgbẹ awujọ ati ipolongo fun atunṣe awujọ ati ti ofin. Ni ibẹrẹ awọn ọdun 1890, idanwo ti Oscar Wilde jẹ ijabọ jakejado ni Jamani o si ru ijiroro ti ilopọ, ti o yori si igbiyanju ominira ilopọ ni Germany, agbeka awọn ẹtọ onibaje ode oni akọkọ. [18] [19]

Awọn agbeka ti akoko lẹsẹkẹsẹ ṣaaju ominira onibaje, lati opin Ogun Agbaye II si ipari awọn ọdun 1960, ni a mọ ni apapọ bi ẹgbẹ homophile . [20] A ti ṣe apejuwe ronu homophile gẹgẹbi “Konsafetifu ti iṣelu”, botilẹjẹpe awọn ipe rẹ fun gbigba awujọ ti ifẹ-ibalopo ni a rii bi awọn iwo oju omi ti ipilẹṣẹ nipasẹ aṣa ti o jẹ akoran ti akoko naa.

Lakoko ti iṣipopada naa nigbagbogbo pẹlu gbogbo awọn eniyan LGBT, ni awọn ọjọ wọnni ọrọ isokan jẹ “onibaje”, ati nigbamii, “ọkọbirin ati onibaje”, pupọ bi ni awọn ọdun ọgọrin ọdun ati ibẹrẹ aadọrun ọdun, “ queer ” ni a gba pada gẹgẹbi ọrọ-ọrọ kan ni yiyan si okun gigun ti awọn ibẹrẹ nigbagbogbo, paapaa nigba lilo nipasẹ awọn ẹgbẹ oloselu ti ipilẹṣẹ. Ni pato, ọrọ 'onibaje' jẹ ayanfẹ si awọn orukọ iṣaaju, gẹgẹbi fohun tabi homophile, ti o tun wa ni lilo nipasẹ awọn ile-iṣẹ iroyin ti o jẹ akọkọ, nigbati wọn yoo gbe awọn iroyin nipa awọn eniyan onibaje rara. New York Times kọ lati lo ọrọ 'onibaje' titi di ọdun 1987, titi di akoko yẹn ti n tẹriba lori 'fohun'. [21]

Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti Gay Liberation Front (GLF) lakoko ọkan ninu awọn ere itage ita ni Ilu Lọndọnu
Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ meji ti anticapitalist Fohun Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente de Liberación Homosexual, FLH) lati Buenos Aires, Argentina, ni ọdun 1971
  1. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Hoffman, 2007.
  4. ↑ Phoenix (29 June 2012). "Gay Rights Are Not Queer Liberation". autostraddle.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. 1 2 Hoffman, 2007, pp.xi-xiii.
  6. ↑ Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html.
  8. ↑ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html
  10. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm
  11. ↑ Hoffman, 2007, pp. 79–81.
  12. ↑ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/glf-london.html
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_liberation#cite_ref-HoffmanTerms_12-0
  14. ↑ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gay-liberation?s=t
  15. ↑ http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/gay-liberation
  16. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/gay-rights-movement
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080331061402/http://www.planetout.com/news/history/archive/christopher.html
  18. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144545934
  19. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85449-188-9
  20. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_J._Whisnant
  21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press
  1. ↑ While the 1970s were the peak of gay liberation in New York City and other urban areas, "liberation" was still used instead of "pride" in more oppressive areas into the mid-1980s. "Queer" did not gain much acceptance as an umbrella term for LGBT until later in the 1980s.[3][4]
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