Nelson Mandela

Àtúnṣe àjápọ̀
Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
Ẹni ọ̀wọ̀

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela on his 90th birthday in 2008.
Mandela in 2008
Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfríkà
In office
10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999
DeputyThabo Mbeki
Frederik Willem de Klerk
AsíwájúFrederik Willem de Klerk
Bi State President of South Africa
Arọ́pòThabo Mbeki
Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
In office
3 September 1998 – 14 June 1999
AsíwájúAndrés Pastrana Arango
Arọ́pòThabo Mbeki
Àwọn àlàyé onítòhún
Ọjọ́ìbí
Rolihlahla Mandela

(1918-07-18)18 Oṣù Keje 1918
Mvezo, Union of South Africa
Aláìsí5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (ọmọ ọdún 95)
Johannesburg, Gúúsù Áfríkà
Ọmọorílẹ̀-èdèGúúsù Áfríkà
Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlúAfrican National Congress
(Àwọn) olólùfẹ́Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–1957)
Winnie Madikizela (1957–1996)
Graça Machel (1998–present)
ResidenceHoughton Estate, Gúúsù Áfríkà
Alma materUniversity of Fort Hare
University of London External System
University of South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand
SignatureSignature of Nelson Mandela
WebsiteMandela Foundation

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: [xoˈliɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; Ojó Kèjìdínlógún Oṣù Keje Ọdún 1918 - Ojó Karun Oṣù Kejìlá Ọdún 2013)[3][4] jẹ́ Aare Guusu Afrika láti ọdún 1994 tìtì di ọdún 1999, bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni òhun ni Àare Gúusù Afrika àkoko tó jẹ́ ẹni adidiboyan nínú ìdìbò-yani tòṣèlú ará ìlú aṣojú yanyan. Kí ótó di Ààrẹ. Mandela jẹ́ alakitiyan olodi-apartheid, ati olori Umkhonto we Sizwe, apa adigun Kongresi Omoorile-ede Afrika (ANC). Ni 1962 o di eni afofinmu won si da lebi ika ote ati awon esun miran, won si ran lewon gbere. Mandela lo odun metadin-logbon (27) ni ewon, o lo opo odun yi ni Robben Island. Leyin jijowo re kuro logba ewon ni ojo 11 Osu Keji odun 1990. Mandela siwaju egbe oselu re ninu awon iforojomitorooro to fa oselu awa ara wa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, ti o si di Aare orile ede {{South Africa}} lati odun 1994 titi di 1999. O si sokunfa ifowo-sowopo ni Guusu Afrika, Bakan naa ni a tun mo Mandela si Madiba, oye eye ti awon Alagba idile Mandela n lo.

Mandela ti gba ebun topo ju 250 lo ni arin ogoji odun, ninu won ni Ebun Nobel Alafia 1993.

Ìgbà èwe

Nelson Mandela ni 1937[5]

Nelson Mandela jẹ omo eka kekere iran oba Thembu dynasty, ti o n joba ni agbegbe Transkei ni Igberiko Cape Guusu Afrika.[6] Won bi ni Mvezo, abule kekere kan to sunmo agbegbe Umtata, to je olu-Ilu Transkei.[6] Omo iran Khoisan ni iya nla re[7]. Baba nla baba re ni Ngubengcuka to jOba gege bi Inkosi Enkhulu tabi oba awon Thembu saaju ki o to ku ni odun (1832).[8] Ikan ninu awon omokunrin oba ohun ni o n je Mandela, ni baba nla re ati ibi ti oruko idile re ti wa. Sibe nitoripe o je omo Inkosi's latodo iyawo iran Ixhiba (iyen "idile olowo osi"[9]), awon omo-omo eka ebi oba re ko le gori ite ni Thembu.

Baba Mandela ni Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. O je Oloye ni ilu Mvezo.[10] Sugbon nitori aigboran si ijoba Amuni sin lenu, won yo Mphakanyiswa kuro ni ipo oye re won si ko ebi re lo si Qunu. Sibe, Mphakanyiswa ko ko sai je omo egbe Adamoran Inkosi, beesini o kopa gidi lat ri pe Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun ori ite Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nipa gbigba Mandela sodo bi omo nigbati Mphakanyiswa ku.[11] Baba Mandela fe iyawo merin, o si bi omo metala (13) okunrin merin ati obinrin mesan.[11] Mandela je omo iyawo keta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny je omobinrin Nkedama lati iran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.[12] Oruko abiso re Rolihlahla tumosi "fa eka igi", "onijangbon".[13][14]

Rolihlahla Mandela lo je omo akoko ninu ebi re to lo si ile-eko nibi ti oluko re Miss Mdingane ti fun ni oruko Geesi "Nelson".[15]

Nigbati Mandela to omo odun mesan, baba re ku nipa aisan tuberculosis, nitorie Jongintaba, di alagbato re.[11] Mandela lo si ile-eko ti o jinna si afin Jogintaba. Pelu bi asa Thembu se laa sile, o je siso dagba nigba to to omo odun merindinlogun (16), o si losi ile-eko Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela pari ile-eko odo ni arin odun meji, kaka odun meta to ye.[16] Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni Fort Beaufort ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.[17] Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.[12]

Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni Fort Hare University, nibi to ti pade Oliver Tambo. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,[9] eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.[12] Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.[18] Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin lati ibi eto okere Yunifasiti Londonu.

Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si Johannesburg.[19] Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.[20] Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, Walter Sisulu.[20] Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni Yunifasiti Witwatersrand, nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz ati Ruth First. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ni asiko yi, Mandela gbe ni Alexandra, to wa ni ariwa Johannesburg.[21]

Ìgbésẹ̀ Òṣèlú

Leyin ti egbe oselu Egbe Omoorile-ede egbe oseluAfrikaner ninu eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's eleya-meya,[22] Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meyaanti apartheid.[23][24] Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re Oliver Tambo da ile-ise agbejoro Mandel's ati Tambo sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.[25]

Mahatma Gandhi nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.[26][27] (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso satyagraha (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).[28]

Àwọn ìtọ́kasí

  1. ↑ Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Randburg: Macdonald Purnell. p. 438. ISBN 0-316-87496-5. 
  2. ↑ Dodds, Craig (14 December 2013). "Madiba funeral: Tutu snubbed". Weekend Argus. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/eastern-cape/madiba-funeral-tutu-snubbed-1.1622484#.Uqw_C9IW2yg. Retrieved 14 Desember 2013. 
  3. ↑ "Nelson Mandela - Biography". Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation. 1993. Retrieved 30 April 2009. 
  4. ↑ BBC News
  5. ↑ Mandela 1996, pp. 16, 17
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "South Africa: Celebrating Mandela At 90". AllAfrica.com. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  7. ↑ "So, where do we come from?". beta.mnet.co.za. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 11 October 2010. 
  8. ↑ Kopkind, Andrew (16 March 1990). "Book Review - Higher than Hope". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mafela, Munzhedzi James (October 2008). "The revelation of African culture in Long Walk to Freedom". Indigenous Biography and Autobiography. Australian National University. Retrieved 18 July 2009. 
  10. ↑ Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). Nelson Mandela: the early life of Rolihlahla Mandiba. North Atlantic Books. p. 13. ISBN 1556434170. http://books.google.com/?id=4iKSlwuya1YC&pg=PA13. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Aikman (2003), pp 70–71
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Mandela, Nelson (2006). Mandela: The Authorized Portrait. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 13. ISBN 0-7407-5572-2. http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1. Retrieved 26 May 2008. 
  13. ↑ Mandela 1996, p.7
  14. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named longwalk
  15. ↑ Mandela 1996, p. 9. "No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea."
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Mandela celebrates 90th birthday". BBC. 17 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7500615.stm. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  17. ↑ "Healdtown Comprehensive School". Historic Schools Project: South Africa. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  18. ↑ Mandela 1996, pp. 18-19.
  19. ↑ Mandela 1996, pp. 10, 20.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Nelson Mandela Biography - Early Years". Nelson Mandela Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  21. ↑ "Nelson Mandela Children's Fund - Organise". Nelson Mandela Children's Fund. Retrieved 28 October 2008.  [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  22. ↑ Àdàkọ:Cite Web
  23. ↑ "The Defiance Campaign". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 2008-07-13. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  24. ↑ "Congress of the People, 1955". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 
  25. ↑ Callinicos, Luli (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. New Africa Books. p. 173. ISBN 0864866666. 
  26. ↑ Mandela, Nelson (3 January 2000). "The Sacred Warrior". Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century. http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008. 
  27. ↑ Bhana, Surendra; Vahed, Goolam (2005). The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. p. 149. 
  28. ↑ Bhalla, Nita (29 January 2007). "Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080508192753/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach/. Retrieved 26 May 2008. 

Ìwé fún kíkà

Àwọn ìjápọ̀ látìta

Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons ní àwọn amóunmáwòrán bíbátan mọ́: Nelson Mandela


Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Jẹ́ kíkójáde láti "https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Mandela&oldid=518896"