Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad Ìwé atọ́ka òpópónà ọkọ̀ ojúúrin

• Àwọn ti wọn ran àwọn ẹrú náà lọwọ láti mọn ọ̀nà ojú irin naa jẹ́ "àwọn olùrànlọwọ"
• Àwọn olùtọ̀ sọ́nà là mọn sí "conductors"
• Ibù sapamọ sí nib"stations" or "way stations"
• "Station masters" tọju àwọn ẹrú tin sálọ sí ile
• Àwọn ti wọn sakuro lọkọ ẹru ni wọn Peni "passengers" or "cargo"
• Ẹrú tí wọn bá mu yóò gba"ticket"

• Bird, Tyson (January 28, 2021). "The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad" (in en-US). Archived on May 19, 2021. . https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/. 
• . 
• . 
• . Boston. 
• Burnett, John (February 28, 2021). "A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico" (in en). Archived on July 9, 2021. . https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico.  (heard on All Things Considered)
• . Westport, Connecticut. 
• . 
• . 
• Contreras, Russell (September 16, 2020a). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention" (in en-US). https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/2020/09/16/2db8daa8-f82f-11ea-85f7-5941188a98cd_story.html. 
•   (September 17, 2020b). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention" (in en-US). Archived on July 9, 2021. . https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/. 
• Crable, Margaret (February 1, 2021). "USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife" (in en). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185029/https://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/. 
• . New York. 
• . 
• . 
• . 
• . 
• . 
•  
• . 
• . 
• . Urbana, Illinois. 
• Little, Becky (October 25, 2018). "Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S." (in en-US). Archived on July 9, 2021. . https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/. 
•  
• . 
•  
• "Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad". Archived on June 22, 2018. . https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html. 

Ọkọ Oju-Irin Abẹ́lẹ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀rọ tó dá lórí àtẹ̀jáde àti ilé ìbùkún ìkọkọ ati awọn ile ailewu ti awọn ti n wa ominira lo lati salọ si abolitionist Northern United States ati Ila-oorun Canada . Awọn ọmọ Afirika dudu ti o jẹ ẹrú ati awọn ara ilu Amẹrika dudu salọ kuro ni oko ẹrú láti ọ̀rúndún kẹrindínlógún (16th century) ati pe ọpọlọpọ awọn to salọ ko ri iranlọwọ. Boti ẹ jẹwipe, ẹ̀rọ tó pẹ̀lú pẹpẹ̀ ilé ààbò àti ọ̀nà aṣírí tó jà sí Underground Railroad bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1780 nígbà tí àwọn Ẹgbẹ́ Alágbẹ̀dẹ Ẹrú Abolitionist ni Ariwa Amẹ́ríkà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í darapọ̀ mọ́ ara wọn. O sá lọ si àríwá, o si dagba ni imurasilẹ titi ti Ikede Emancipation fowo si ni ọdún 1863 nipasẹ Alakoso Abraham Lincoln . Àwọn ti wọn sasalà naa wa ni akọkọ lati salọ si awọn ipinlẹ alààyè, ati láti bẹrẹ láti ibẹ lọ si Ilu Kanada.

Ọkọ ojú irin abẹlẹ bẹ̀rẹ̀ látinú ibi tí ẹrú ti wà. Ọ̀nà tó ń gba lò ọ̀nà tó jẹ́ adándẹ àti amáyédẹrùn, bíi odò, ikanni omi, etíkun, ọkọ̀ ojú omi, àti ọ̀nà pẹ̀lú orí ilẹ̀. Àwọn ibi tó sún mọ́ etí okun, àgbègbè tó jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè òmìnira tàbí pẹ̀lú ààlà orílẹ̀-èdè míì, ni wọ́n máa yàn sí, torí pé ó rọrùn fún ìpàrọ̀.

Ẹ̀rọ naa, jẹ́ ẹ̀rọ tí àwọn ọmọ ẹrú Alawo dúdú ti Amẹrika ti o ni ominira, ri iranlọwọ nipasẹ awọn alágbẹ̀dẹ ẹrú ati àwọn míìràn ti o ni aanu si idi ti wọn fi salọ . Awọn eniyan ti o jẹ ẹrú ti o fi ẹ̀mí arawọn wewu ati awọn ti o ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ fun wọn ni a tun tọka si lapapọ bi àwọn arinrin-ajo ati àwọn olùdarí ti oju opopona, ni tẹ̀le n tẹ̀le. Oríṣiríṣi àwọn ipa-ọna miiran lọ já si Mexico, nibiti a ti dopin okò ẹrú, ati si awọn erekusu ni Karibeani ti kòsí nínú iṣowo ẹrú. Ọ̀nà abayọ iṣaaju ti n lọ si gúúsù si Florida, lẹhinna ohun-ini Spanish kan (ayafi ọdún 1763–1783), wa lati opin ọrundun mẹ́tàdínlógún títí di isunmọ 1790. Lakoko Ogun Abele Amẹrika, àwọn ti n wa ominira salọ si awọn ìlú ìsọkan ni Gusu lati gba ominira wọn. Iṣiro kan ni imọran pe ni ọdun 1850, o fẹrẹ to ẹẹgbẹ̀run lọnà ọgọrùn (100,000) awọn ẹrú ti gbà òmìnira nipasẹ ẹ̀rọ naa. Gẹgẹbi olukọ atijọ ti awọn ẹkọ Pan-African J. Blaine Hudson, ti o jẹ alakoso ti College of Arts and Sciences ni University of Louisville, ni opin Ogún Abẹle, ẹẹgbẹ̀run lọnà ọgọrùn márùn (500,000) tabi jubẹ lọ ní awọn alawọ dúdú ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ti igbara ẹni kúrò loko-ẹru lori Ilẹ-irin abẹ ilẹ̀.

Ìpìlẹ orukọ

Eric Foner kowe pe ọrọ naa “ ọkọndi lilọ nínú ìwe ìròyìn Washington n ọdun 1839, n sọ asọye ọdọ ọdọ kan ti o nireti lati sa fun igbekun nipasẹ ọkọ oju-irin ti o “lọ si iabẹ ilẹ̀ ti o lọ jásí oston”. Dokita Robert Clemens Smedley kọwe pe ni atẹle wiwa tẹrú náà tí o kùnà ati awọn apeja ẹrú tí wọn pàdánù awọn ti wọn sasala titi de ariwa ti Columbia, Pennsylvania, wọn sọ ni idamu pe “ọkọ oju-irin ipamo gbọdọ wa ni ibikan,” ti o funni ni ipilẹṣẹ si ọrọ naa. Scott Shane kọwe pè àkọkọ ti ni àkọsílẹ̀ lílò ọ̀rọ̀ náà ni àkọ́kọ́ wà ni òhún article kọ nípa Thomas Smallwood ní Ọjọ́ kẹwa oṣù kẹjọ, ọdún 1842, àtúnse ti Tocsin of Liberty, ìwé ìròyìn abolitionist ti wọn tẹ̀jáde ni Albany. O tun kọwe pè ìwé ọdún 1879 Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad sọ pe gbolohun naa ni a mẹnuba ninu iwe ìròhìn Washington ni ọdún 1839 ati pe onkọwe iwe naa sọ ni ogójì ọdun lẹhinna pe o ti sọ nkan náà lati ìrántí ni pẹkipẹki bi òun ti le ṣe.

Itumọ ọrọ

Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti ojú irin abẹlẹ nigbagbogbo lo awọn ofin kan pato, ti o da lori àpèjúwe ti oju opopona. Fun apere:

• Àwọn ti wọn rán àwọn ẹrú lọwọ láti mọn ojú ọ̀nà ìrìn abẹlẹ ni aun pe ni "agents"
• Àwọn olufini mọn nan ni "conductors"
• Ibusa pamó sibl ni "stations" or "way stations"
• "Station masters" tọju àwọn ẹrú tin sálọ sile
• Àwọn ẹrú tin sálọ ni an pẹ ni "passengers" or "cargo"
• Ẹrú tí wọn bá mu yóò ra "ticket"

Siwaju kika

• Blackett, R.J.M. (2013). Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0877-8. 
• Bolton, S. Charles (2019). Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781682260999. 
• Clifford Larson, Kate (2004). Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-45627-0. 
• Curtis, Anna L. (1941). Stories of the Underground Railroad.  (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad)
• Diemer, Andrew K.. Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780593534380. 
• Frost, Karolyn Smardz. I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374531256. 
• (Interview). 
• Still, William (1872). The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.  (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia).
  • Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg. 
  •  
  • Àdàkọ:Librivox book
• Strother, Horatio T. (1962). The Underground Railroad in Connecticut. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819560124. 
• Turner, Glennette Tilley (2001). The Underground Railroad in Illinois. Newman Educational Pub.. ISBN 978-0938990055. 
• Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad. University of Massachusetts Press. 2021. ISBN 978-1625345936. 
• Whitehead, Colson (2016). The Underground Railroad. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-54236-4. ; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history.