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[[Fáìlì:Company-Shocked-Gillray.jpeg|right|thumb|350x350px|In ''Company Shocked at a Lady Getting up to Ring the Bell'' (1805) [[James Gillray]] caricatured  "A widow and her suitors, who seem to have forgotten their manners in the intensity of their admiration."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wright|last2=Evans|title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray|year=1851|oclc=59510372|page=473}}</ref>]]

'''Etiquette''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|t|i|k|ɛ|t|,_|-|k|ᵻ|t}}) is the set of norms of personal behaviour in [[politeness|polite]] society, usually occurring in the form of an [[ethical code]] of the expected and accepted [[social behavior|social behaviour]]s that accord with the [[convention (norm)|conventions]] and [[norm (sociology)|norms]] observed and practised by a [[society]], a [[social class]], or  a [[Group (sociology)|social group]]. In modern English usage, the French word ''{{wikt-lang|fr|étiquette}}'' (label and tag) dates from the year 1750.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Etiquette|title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|year=1993|editor-first=Lesley|editor-last=Brown|page=858}}</ref>

==Politeness==
{{Main|Politeness}}

[[Image:Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield by William Hoare.jpg|thumb|right|300px|In the 18th century, Philip Stanhope, the 4th Earl of Chesterfield, first used the word ''etiquette'' to mean "the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society." ([[William Hoare]])]]

In the 18th century, during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the adoption of etiquette was a self-conscious process for acquiring the conventions of politeness and the normative behaviours (charm, manners, demeanour) which symbolically identified the person as a genteel member of the [[upper class]]. To identify with the social élite, the upwardly mobile [[middle class]] and the [[bourgeoisie]] adopted the behaviours and the artistic preferences of the upper class. To that end, socially ambitious people of the middle classes occupied themselves with learning, knowing, and practising the rules of social etiquette, such as the arts of elegant dress and gracious conversation, when to show [[emotion]], and courtesy with and towards women.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6u6QyCKE5YC|title=Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England|first=Lawrence E. |last=Klein|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521418065}}</ref>

In the early 18th century, [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]], wrote influential essays that defined ''politeness'' as the art of being pleasing in company; and discussed the function and nature of politeness in the social discourse of a commercial society:

{{blockquote|'Politeness' may be defined as dext'rous management of our words and actions, whereby we make other people have better opinion of us and themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Third Earl of Shaftesbury and the Progress of Politeness|journal = Eighteenth-Century Studies|volume = 18|issue = 2|pages = 186–214|jstor = 2738536|last1 = Klein|first1 = Lawrence|year = 1984|doi = 10.2307/2738536}}</ref>}}

Periodicals, such as ''[[The Spectator (1711)|The Spectator]]'', a daily publication founded in 1711 by [[Joseph Addison]] and [[Richard Steele]], regularly advised their readers on the etiquette required of a [[gentleman]], a man of good and courteous conduct; their stated editorial goal was "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality… to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffeehouses"; to which end, the editors published articles written by educated authors, which provided topics for civil conversation, and advice on the requisite manners for carrying a polite conversation, and for managing social interactions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=888|title=First Edition of The Spectator|website=Information Britain|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

Conceptually allied to etiquette is the notion of ''[[civility]]'' (social interaction characterised by sober and reasoned debate) which for socially ambitious men and women also became an important personal quality to possess for social advancement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=Brian William |title=The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-10666-1 |page=101}}</ref> In the event, [[gentlemen's club]]s, such as Harrington's Rota Club, published an in-house etiquette that codified the civility expected of the members. Besides ''The Spectator'', other periodicals sought to infuse politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, the editors of ''[[Tatler (1709)|The Tatler]]'' were explicit that their purpose was the reformation of English manners and morals; to those ends, etiquette was presented as the virtue of morality and a code of behaviour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackie |first1=Erin Skye |editor1-last=Mackie |editor1-first=Erin Skye |title=The Commerce of Everyday Life: Selections from ''The Tatler'' and ''The Spectator'' |date=1998 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |location=Boston |isbn=0-312-16371-1 |page=1 |chapter=Introduction: Cultural and Historical Background |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/commerceofeveryd0000unse/page/1/mode/1up |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>

In the mid-18th century, the first, modern English usage of ''etiquette'' (the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society) was by [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield]], in the book ''Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World and a Gentleman'' (1774),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=de&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:1848546661 |title=Sorry! The English and Their Manners |author=Henry Hitchings |year=2013 |publisher=Hachette UK |access-date=2013-02-07}}</ref> a correspondence of more than 400 letters written from 1737 until the death of his son, in 1768; most of the letters were instructive, concerning varied subjects that a worldly gentleman should know.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mayo|first=Christopher|chapter=Letters to His Son|title=The Literary Encyclopedia|date=25 February 2007|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=21002|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The letters were first published in 1774, by [[Eugenia Stanhope]], the widow of the diplomat [[Philip Stanhope (diplomat)|Philip Stanhope]], Chesterfield's bastard son. Throughout the correspondence, Chesterfield endeavoured to decouple the matter of social manners from [[conventional morality]], with perceptive observations that pragmatically argue to Philip that mastery of etiquette was an important means for social advancement, for a man such as he. Chesterfield's elegant, literary style of writing epitomised the emotional restraint characteristic of polite social intercourse in 18th-century society:

{{blockquote|I would heartily wish that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to laugh while you live. Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and ill-manners; it is the manner in which the mob express their silly joy at silly things; and they call it being merry. In my mind there is nothing so illiberal, and so ill-bred, as audible laughter. I am neither of a melancholy nor a cynical disposition, and am as willing and as apt to be pleased as anybody; but I am sure that since I have had the full use of my reason nobody has ever heard me laugh.}}

In the 19th century, [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901) etiquette developed into a complicated system of codified behaviours, which governed the range of manners in society—from the proper language, style, and method for writing letters, to correctly using [[cutlery]] at table, and to the minute regulation of social relations and personal interactions between men and women and among the social classes.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tudor|last=Rose |title=Victorian Society |publisher=AboutBritain.com |date=1999–2010 |url=https://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/victorian-society.asp |access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref>

==Manners==
{{Other uses|Manners (disambiguation)}}
{{See also|Title}}
[[File:High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|In ''High-Change in Bond Street, – ou – la Politesse du Grande Monde'' (1796), [[James Gillray]] caricatured the lack of etiquette in a group of men who are depicted leering at women and crowding them off the sidewalk.]]

===Sociological perspectives===
In a society, manners are described as either good manners or as bad manners to indicate whether a person's behaviour is acceptable to the cultural group. As such, manners enable ''ultrasociality'' and are integral to the functioning of the [[social norms]] and [[convention (norm)|convention]]s that are informally enforced through self-regulation. The perspectives of sociology indicate that manners are a means for people to display their social status, and a means of demarcating, observing, and maintaining the boundaries of [[social identity]] and of [[social class]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richerson|last2=Boyd|chapter-url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/boyd/ultra.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817023023/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/boyd/ultra.pdf|archive-date=2000-08-17|chapter=The Evolution of Human Ultra Sociality|title=Ideology, Warfare, and Indoctrinability|year=1997|editor-last1=Eibl-Eibisfeldt|editor-first1=I.|editor-last2=Salyer|editor-first2=F.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Civilizing Process]]'' (1939), sociologist [[Norbert Elias]] said that manners arose as a product of group living, and persist as a way of maintaining social order. Manners proliferated during the [[Renaissance]] in response to the development of the 'absolute state'—the progression from small-group living to large-group living characterised by the centralized power of the State. The rituals and manners associated with the royal court of England during that period were closely bound to a person's [[social status]]. Manners demonstrate a person's position within a social network, and a person's manners are a means of negotiation from that social position.<ref>{{cite book|first=Norbert|last=Elias|title=The Civilizing Process|publisher=Oxford Blackwell Publishers|year=1994}}</ref>

From the perspective of [[public health]], in ''The Healthy Citizen'' (1996), Alana R. Petersen and Deborah Lupton said that manners assisted the diminishment of the social boundaries that existed between the [[public sphere]] and the [[private sphere]] of a person's life, and so gave rise to "a highly reflective self, a self who monitors his or her behavior with due regard for others with whom he or she interacts, socially"; and that "the public behavior of individuals came to signify their social standing; a means of presenting the self and of evaluating others, and thus the control of the outward self was vital."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=A.|last2=Lupton|first2=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RofiHHQddx0C|chapter=The Healthy Citizen|title=The New Public Health – Discourses, Knowledges, Strategies|year=1996|location=London|publisher=Sage|isbn=9780761954040 }} {{ISBN?}}</ref>

Sociologist [[Pierre Bourdieu]] applied the concept of ''[[Habitus (sociology)|habitus]]'' to define the societal functions of manners. The ''habitus'' is the set of mental attitudes, personal habits, and skills that a person possesses—his or her ''dispositions'' of character that are neither self-determined, nor pre-determined by the external environment, but which are produced and reproduced by social interactions—and are "inculcated through experience and explicit teaching", yet tend to function at the [[subconscious]] level.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVaHgUx1f0C|title=Pierre Bourdieu|series=Key Sociologists|year=2002|location=Cornwall|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415285278 }}</ref> Manners are likely to be a central part of the ''dispositions'' that guide a person's ability to decide upon socially-compliant behaviours.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511812507|title=Outline of a Theory of Practice|year=1977|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>




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