Ẹ wo àmì-ọ̀rọ̀ fún Nelson Mandela

{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = <small>Ẹni ọ̀wọ̀</small><br />
|name             = Nelson Mandela
|honorific-suffix = 
|image            = Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit).jpg
|caption          = Mandela in 2008
|imagesize        = 245px
|alt              = Nelson Mandela on his 90th birthday in 2008.
|office           = [[President of South Africa|Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
|deputy           = [[Thabo Mbeki]]<br />[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]
|term_start       = 10 May 1994
|term_end         = 14 June 1999
|predecessor      = [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]<br /><small>Bi [[State President of South Africa]]</small>
|successor        = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
|office2          = [[Non-Aligned Movement|Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement]]
|term_start2      = 3 September 1998
|term_end2        = 14 June 1999
|predecessor2     = [[Andrés Pastrana Arango]]
|successor2       = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
|birth_date       = {{birth date|1918|7|18|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[Mvezo]], [[Union of South Africa]]
|death_date       = {{death date and age|2013|12|5|1918|7|18|df=y}}
|death_place      = [[Johannesburg]], [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
|birthname        = Rolihlahla Mandela
|party            = [[African National Congress]]
|nationality      = [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
|spouse           = Evelyn Ntoko Mase <small>(1944–1957)</small><br />[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie Madikizela]] <small>(1957–1996)</small><br />[[Graça Machel]] <small>(1998–present)</small>
|residence        = [[Houghton Estate, Gauteng|Houghton Estate]], Gúúsù Áfríkà
|religion         = [[Methodism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandela|first=Nelson|title=Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela|year=1994|publisher=Macdonald Purnell|location=Randburg|isbn=0-316-87496-5|page=438}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dodds|first=Craig|title=Madiba funeral: Tutu snubbed|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/eastern-cape/madiba-funeral-tutu-snubbed-1.1622484#.Uqw_C9IW2yg|accessdate=14 Desember 2013|newspaper=Weekend Argus|date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
|alma_mater       = [[University of Fort Hare]]<br />[[University of London External System]]<br />[[University of South Africa]]<br />[[University of the Witwatersrand]]
|signature        = Nelson Mandela Signature.svg
|signature_alt    = Signature of Nelson Mandela
|website          = [http://www.nelsonmandela.org/ Mandela Foundation]
}}

'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' ({{IPA2|xoˈliɬaɬa manˈdeːla|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] pronunciation:}}; Ọjọ́ Kejìdínlógún Oṣù Keje Ọdún 1918 - Ọjọ́ Karùn-ún Oṣù Kejìlá Ọdún 2013)<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html|title=Nelson Mandela - Biography|work=Nobelprize.org|publisher=[[Nobel Prize|The Nobel Foundation]]|year=1993|accessdate=30 April 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25249520 BBC News]</ref> jẹ́ [[President of South Africa|Ààrẹ Gúúsù Áfíríkà]] láti ọdún 1994 títí di ọdún 1999, bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni òun ni Ààrẹ Gúúsù Áfírík[s àkọ́kọ́ tó jẹ́ ẹni àdìbòyàn nínú ìdìbò-yani tòṣèlú ará ìlú [[universal suffrage|aṣojú yanyan]]. Kí ó tó di Ààrẹ, Mandela jẹ́ alákitiyan olódì-[[South Africa under apartheid|apartheid]], ati olórí [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]], apa adigun [[African National Congress|Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Áfíríkà]] (ANC). Lọ́dún 1962 ó di ẹni afofinmu won si  da lebi [[sabotage|ika ote]] ati awon ẹ̀sùn mìíràn, wọ́n sì rán an lẹ́wọ̀n gbere. Mandela lo ọdún mẹ́tàdínlọ́gbọ̀n (27) ní ẹ̀wọ̀n, ó lo ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún yìí ní [[Robben Island]]. Lẹ́yìn jijowo rẹ̀ kúrò lọ́gbà ẹ̀wọ̀n ní ọjọ́ 11 oṣù kejì ọdún 1990. Mandela ṣiwájú ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú rẹ̀ nínú àwọn iforojomitorooro tó fa òṣèlú àwaarawa ti gbogbo eya ti o waye ni odun 1994, tó sì di Ààrẹ orílẹ̀ èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà láti ọdún 1994 títí di 1999. O si ṣokùnfà ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ní Gúúsù Afrika, Bákan náà ni a tún mọ Mandela sí ''Madiba'', [[Isibongo|oyè ẹ̀yẹ]] tí àwọn Alágbà ìdílé Mandela ń lo.

Mandela ti gba [[List of Nelson Mandela awards and honours|ẹ̀bùn tó pọ̀ ju 250 lọ]] láàárín ogójì ọdún, nínú wọn ni [[Nobel Peace Prize|Ẹ̀bùn Àlàáfíà Nobel]] 1993.

== Ìgbà èwe ==
[[Fáìlì:Young Mandela.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nelson Mandela lọ́dún 1937<ref>[[#mandela1996|Mandela 1996]], pp. 16, 17</ref>]]
Nelson Mandela jẹ́ ọmọ ẹ̀ka kékeré ìran ọba Thembu dynasty, tó ń jọba ní [[Transkei|agbègbè Transkei]] ní [[Cape Province|Ìgbèríko Cape]] Gúúsù Áfíríkà.<ref name="AllAfrica">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807180124.html|title=South Africa: Celebrating Mandela At 90|date=17 July 2008|publisher=AllAfrica.com|accessdate=28 October 2008}}</ref> Wọ́n bí i ní [[Mvezo]], abúlé kékeré kan tó sún mọ́ agbègbè [[Umtata]], tó jẹ́ olú-ìlú Transkei.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> Ọmọ ìran [[Khoisan]] ni ìyá ńlá rẹ̀<ref name="M-Net">{{cite web|url=http://beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=2619|title=So, where do we come from?|date=19 September 2004|publisher=beta.mnet.co.za|accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref>. Bàbá ńlá bàbá rẹ̀ ni [[Ngubengcuka]]  tó jọba gẹ́gẹ́ bí ''Inkosi Enkhulu'' tàbí ọba àwọn Thembu ṣáájú kó tó kú ní ọdún (1832).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,316920,00.html|title=Book Review - ''Higher than Hope''|last=Kopkind|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Kopkind|date=16 March 1990|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=28 October 2008|archive-date=22 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222190859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,316920,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ìkan nínú àwọn ọmọkùnrin ọba ọ̀hún ló ń jẹ́ ''Mandela'', ni bàbá ńlá rẹ̀ àti ibi tí orúkọ ìdílé rẹ̀ ti wá. Síbẹ̀ nítorí pé ó jẹ́ ọmọ ''Inkosi's'' látọ̀dọ̀ ìyàwó ìran Ixhiba (ìyẹn "ìdílé olowo osi"<ref name="mafela">{{cite web|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html|title=The revelation of African culture in Long Walk to Freedom|last=Mafela|first=Munzhedzi James|date=October 2008|work=Indigenous Biography and Autobiography|publisher=[[Australian National University]]|accessdate=18 July 2009}}</ref>), àwọn ọmọ-ọmọ ẹ̀ka ẹbí ọba rẹ̀ kò lè gorí ìtẹ́ ní Thembu.

Bàbá Mandela ni [[Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa]]. Ó jẹ́ [[Tribal chief|Olóyè]] ní ìlú Mvezo.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = Guiloineau  | first = Jean  | last2 = Rowe  | first2 = Joseph  | title = Nelson Mandela: the early life of Rolihlahla Mandiba  | publisher = [[North Atlantic Books]]  | year = 2002  | page = 13  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4iKSlwuya1YC&pg=PA13  | isbn =1556434170}}
</ref>  Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí àìgbọ́ràn sí ìjọba amúnisìn lenu, wọ́n yọ Mphakanyiswa kúrò ní ipò oyè rẹ̀ wọ́n sì kọ ẹbí rẹ̀ lọ sí [[Qunu]]. Síbẹ̀, Mphakanyiswa kọ̀ kó ṣàìjẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Adámọ̀ràn ''Inkosi'', bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni ó kópa gidi láti rí i pé Jongintaba Dalindyebo gun orí ìtẹ́ Thembu. Dalindyebo san ore yi paa fun Mphakanyiswa nípa gbigba Mandela sọ́dọ̀ bí ọmọ nígbà tí Mphakanyiswa kú.<ref name="GreatSouls">[[#Aikman|Aikman (2003)]], pp 70–71</ref> Bàbá Mandela fẹ́ ìyàwó mẹ́rin, ó sì bí ọmọ mẹ́tàlá (13) ọkùnrin mẹ́rin àti obìnrin mẹ́sàn-án.<ref name="GreatSouls"/> Mandela jẹ́ ọmọ ìyàwó kẹta, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny jẹ́ ọmọbìnrin Nkedama láti ìran Mpemvu Xhosa, Otun Oba, ninu ile eni ti Mandela ti lo igba omode re.<ref name=port>{{cite book|url=http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title=Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate=26 May 2008|author=Mandela, Nelson|year=2006|page=13|isbn=0-7407-5572-2|publisher=Andrews McMeel Pub|location=Kansas City, Mo.|archivedate=6 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106210905/http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1}}</ref> [[given name|Orúkọ àbísọ]] rẹ ''Rolihlahla'' túmọ̀ sí "fa ẹ̀ka igi", "oníjàngbọ̀n".<ref>[[#mandela1996|Mandela 1996]], p.7</ref><ref name=longwalk/>

Rolihlahla Mandela ló jẹ́ ọmọ àkọ́kọ́ nínú ẹbí rẹ tó lọ sí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ níbi tí olùkọ́ rẹ̀ Miss Mdingane ti fún un lórúkọ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì "Nelson".<ref>[[#mandela1996|Mandela 1996]], p. 9.
"No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea."</ref>

Nígbà tí Mandela tó ọmọ ọdún mẹ́sàn-án, bàbá rẹ̀ kú nípa ikọ́ ẹ̀gbẹ (TB), nítorí èyí Jongintaba, di [[alágbàtọ́]] rẹ̀.<ref name="GreatSouls"/>  Mandela lọ sí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ tí ó jìnnà sí ààfin Jogintaba. Pẹ̀lú bí àṣà Thembu ṣe là á sílẹ̀, ó jẹ́ siso dagba nígbà tó tó ọmọ ọdún mẹ́rìndínlógún (16), ó sì relé ẹ̀kọ́ Clarkebury Boarding Institute.<ref name="BBC90th">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7500615.stm|title=Mandela celebrates 90th birthday|date=17 July 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 October 2008}}</ref> Mandela parí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ odo láàárín ọdún méjì, kàkà ọdún mẹ́ta tó yẹ.<ref name="BBC90th"/> Leyi to je yiyan lati jogun ipo baba re gege bi Alamoran Oba, ni odun 1937 Mandela ko lo si Healdtown Comprehensive School, koleji awon elesin Wesley ni [[Fort Beaufort]] ti opo awon awon omo oloye ni Thembu ti n lo si ile-eko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicschools.org.za/view.asp?ItemID=1&tname=tblComponent2&oname=Schools&pg=front&subm=Pilot%20Schools|title=Healdtown Comprehensive School|publisher=Historic Schools Project: South Africa|accessdate=28 October 2008}}</ref> Nigba ti o di omo odun mokan-dinlogun (19) o feran lati ja ese ati eresisa ni ile-eko.<ref name=port/>

Leyin to to de koleji, Mandela bere si keko fun iwe-eri Bachelor Ise-Ona ni [[Fort Hare University]], nibi to ti pade [[Oliver Tambo]]. Tambo ati Mandela di ore ati elegbe. Mandela tun di ore pelu [[Kaiser Matanzima|Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima]] eni to je gege bi oloye Otunba Thembu wa lori ila fun ite ni Transkei,<ref name="mafela"/> eyi ti yio fa lojo iwaju lati tewogba eto Bantustan. Itileyin re fun awon eto yi fa ilodi larin ohun ati Mandela.<ref name=port/> Ni eyin odun kn ni koleji Mandela kopa ninu boikotu ti Igbimo awon Asoju Akeko se nitori awon eto yunifasiti, nitorie won le kuro nibe.<ref>[[#mandela1996|Mandela 1996]], pp. 18-19.</ref> Lojowaju nigba to wa ni ogba ewon, Mandela keko fun [[Bachelor of Laws|Iwe-eri Bachelor Ofin]] lati ibi eto okere [[University of London|Yunifasiti Londonu]].

Dere to kuro ni Fort Hare, Jongintaba so fun Mandela ati Justice (to je omo Jogintaba ati eni to kan lati joba) pe ohun ti seto igbeyawo fun awon mejeeji. Sugbo awon mejeeji nitoripe won ko feran eto igbeyawo yi, won kora won si ko lo si [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="mandela1996pp10,20">[[#mandela1996|Mandela 1996]], pp. 10, 20.</ref> Nigba to de be, Mandela nibere koko ri ise bi asona ninu koto alumoni.<ref name="NMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/memory/views/biography/|title=Nelson Mandela Biography - Early Years|publisher=Nelson Mandela Foundation|accessdate=28 October 2008|archive-date=9 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309024710/http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/memory/views/biography/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sugbon, eni to gba sise tete yara le kuro nigba to gbo pe Mandela je alagbato Oba. Mandela leyin na bere ise bi akowe ni ile-ise agbejoro to wa ni Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, lati odo ore ati alawose re, [[Walter Sisulu]].<ref name="NMF"/>  Bo se unsise ni Witkin, Sidelsky ati Edelman, Mandela pari iwe-eri B.A. re ni [[University of South Africa|Yunifasiti Guusu Afrika]] pelu ifiranse, leyin na lo wa bere si ni gbeko ofin ni [[University of Witwatersrand|Yunifasiti Witwatersrand]], nibi to ti bere si ni sore awon elegbe akoko re ati awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid lojowaju [[Joe Slovo]], [[Harry Schwarz]] ati [[Ruth First]]. Slovo yio wa di Alakoso Oro Ile ninu ijoba Mandela lojowaju, nigbati Schwarz yio di alusoju Guusu Afrika ni Amerika. Ní àsìkò yìí, Mandela gbé ní [[Alexandra, South Africa|Alexandra]], tó wà ní àríwá Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmcf.co.za/organize.html|title=Nelson Mandela Children's Fund - Organise|publisher=Nelson Mandela Children's Fund|accessdate=28 October 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== Ìgbésẹ̀ Òṣèlú ==
Lẹ́yìn tí ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú [[National Party (South Africa)|Egbe Omoorile-ede]] egbe oselu[[Afrikaner]] ninu  eto idibo odun 1948, nitoripe awon wonyi fowo mo eto [[apartheid's apartheid's apartheid's]] [[racial segregation| eleya-meya]],<ref>{{cite Web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/SA-1948-1976/1948-election.htm|title=The 1948 election and the National Party Victory|publisher=South African History Online|accessdate=28 October 2008}}</ref>  Mandela bere si ni kopa gidigidi ninu oro oselu. O siwaju ninu Kampein Agidi ti ANC se ni 1952 ati ninu Kongresi awon eniyan ni 1955 ti pinu ti  abajade re je ipile eto ilodi si ise eleya-meya[[anti apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/struggles/defiance.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713192018/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/struggles/defiance.html|archivedate=2008-07-13|title=The Defiance Campaign|publisher=African National Congress|accessdate=28 October 2008|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/campaigns/cop/index.html|title=Congress of the People, 1955|publisher=African National Congress|accessdate=28 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622053030/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/campaigns/cop/index.html|archivedate=22 June 2008|dead-url=no}}</ref> Larin asiko yi, Mandela ati agbejoro re [[Oliver Tambo]] da ile-ise agbejoro [[Mandel's ati Tambo]] sile lati pese imoran ofin ofe fun opo awon alawodudu ti won ko ni agbejoro.<ref>{{cite book|last=Callinicos|first=Luli|title=Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains|publisher=New Africa Books|year=2004|page=173|isbn=0864866666}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] nipa iha ti Mandela ati bi awon ona ti awon alakitiyan olodi apartheid Guusu Afrika fi koju re.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mandela, Nelson|title=The Sacred Warrior|work=[[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century]]|date=3 January 2000|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html|accessdate=26 May 2008|archivedate=20 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020031336/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914|author= Bhana, Surendra;  Vahed, Goolam|year=2005|page=149}}</ref> (nitori re, Mandela kopa ninu apero oro arofo 29–30 January 2007 ni New Delhi to sajodun odun kewa ti Gandhi se akoso [[satyagraha]] (ilodi alainijagidijagan) ni Guusu Afrika).<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhalla, Nita|title=Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach|publisher=Reuters|date=29 January 2007|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach/|accessdate=26 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508192753/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach/|archivedate=8 May 2008|deadurl=no}}</ref>

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Ìwé fún kíkà ==
* {{Cite book
|title=A Prisoner in the Garden: Opening Nelson Mandela's Prison Archive
|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
|isbn=0-143-02495-7
|year=2005}}
* {{Cite book
|title=The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution
|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
|year=1996
|isbn=978-0385-48374-2
|author=Desmond Tutu ; edited by John Allen.}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Benson, Mary
|title=Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez
|title=The Nelson Mandela Story
|publisher=Samoja Books
|isbn=0-620-36570-6
|year=2006}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Denenberg, Barry
|title=Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Hoobler, Dorothy
|coauthors= Hoobler, Thomas
|title=Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph
|year=1992
|isbn=978-0531152454
|location=New York
|publisher=Franklin Watts}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Juckes, Tim
|title=Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko
|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]]
|publisher=Praeger Publishers
|year=1995}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Mandela, Nelson
|title=[[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|Long Walk to Freedom]]
|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]
|isbn=0-316-54818-9
|year=1995}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Meredith, Martin
|title=Nelson Mandela: A Biography}}
* {{Cite book
|author=[[Anthony Sampson|Sampson, Anthony]]
|title=[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]
|isbn= 0-679-78178-1
|year=1999
|publisher=Vintage Books
|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Smith, Charlene
|title=Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life}}
* {{Cite book
|author=[[Richard Stengel|Stengel, Richard]]
|title=Mandela's Way: Fifteen Lessons on Life, Love, and Courage
|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]]
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0307460684}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Villa-Vicencio, Charles
|title=The Spirit of Freedom
|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]
|publisher=[[University of California Press]]
|year=1996}}

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ látìta ==
{{Commonscat}}
{{wikisource|Author:Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]
* [http://www.nelsonmandela.org/ Nelson Mandela Foundation]
* [http://www.nmcf.co.za/ Nelson Mandela Children's Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213932/http://www.nmcf.co.za/ |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [http://www.mandela-children.ca/ Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada)]
* [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422130012/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html |date=2009-04-22 }}
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History]
* [http://www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation Documentary & Soundtrack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015180116/http://www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.theelders.org/ The Elders]
* [http://www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/09/nelson_mandela_holding_africa.html The Art of Nelson Mandela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516074534/http://www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/09/nelson_mandela_holding_africa.html |date=2009-05-16 }}
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/international_politics/topics/3547/ CBC Digital Archives&nbsp;– Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker]
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/40252/nelson-mandela-a-heros-way Nelson Mandela: A Hero's Way] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194037/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/40252/nelson-mandela-a-heros-way |date=2010-08-19 }} - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [http://lateshowbiz.podbean.com/2010/05/13/nelson-mandela-a-history/ Martin Meredith: Nelson Mandela: A Biography - Interview May 2010]
* [http://www.brikcius.com/News.uk.011.html Nelson Mandela Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826032542/http://www.brikcius.com/News.uk.011.html |date=2012-08-26 }}
* [http://www.mandeladay.com/ Nelson Mandela Day - official site]

{{SAPresidents}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize}}
{{Cold War figures}}
{{Àyọkà pàtàkì}}
{{igbesiaye|1918|2013|Mandela Nelson}}

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