Bakolori Dam

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Dam Bakolori wa ni Ipinle Sokoto ni ariwa iwọ-oorun Naijiria . O ti pari ni ọdun 1978 ati ifiomipamo rẹ ti o kun nipasẹ ọdun 1981. O jẹ agbami nla ti o wa ni Odo Sokoto, ti o wa ni odo Rima, eyiti o jẹ ki o jẹ odo Niger . Omi lati inu idido naa pese iṣẹ Irrigation Bakolori.[1]

Idido naa ni agbara ti awọn mita onigun 450, pẹlu ifiomipamo ti o bo saare 8,000 ti o gbooro si 19 kilometres (12 mi) oke.[2]

Ikole idamu nipo ọpọlọpọ awọn agbe agbe nipo lai pese ilẹ yiyan tabi isanpada owo. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn ló kú nínú ìfohùnṣọ̀kan nítorí ìpàdánù ìgbésí ayé wọn.[3] Ise agbese na ti di mimọ bi apẹẹrẹ Ayebaye ti ikuna idagbasoke.[4]

Ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Odò Sokoto gba agbègbè Savannah Sudan-ogbele ti ogbele ni ariwa Naijiria. Ojo olodoodun jẹ aisọtẹlẹ, ti o wa lati 500 mm to 1.300 mm fun odun nigba ti June – Kẹsán akoko. Ṣaaju ki wọn to kọ idido naa, bii 50,000 awọn agbe ti o wa ni agbegbe iṣan omi ti Sokoto ṣe adaṣe ipadasẹhin ipadasẹhin jinlẹ, dida iresi ati ọka ni akoko tutu ati awọn irugbin ẹfọ bii alubosa, ata ilẹ ati awọn tomati ni akoko igba otutu. Ọpọlọpọ awọn agbe lo ilana Shadoof ti gbigbe omi lati inu odo lati da sinu awọn ikanni irigeson tabi awọn adagun omi. Awọn obinrin ni purdah kii ṣe nigbagbogbo ṣiṣẹ aaye ṣugbọn wọn ni awọn ẹtọ nini ati ṣe iranlọwọ ni sisẹ. Awọn obinrin ti ko si labẹ iyasọtọ ti nṣiṣe lọwọ ni iṣẹ-ogbin. Nigbagbogbo ilẹ naa jẹ ohun ini lagbegbe laisi awọn igbasilẹ aṣẹ ti nini.

Awọn agbẹ ti o wa ni agbegbe, ti n gbe ni awọn ipele ifunni, ni aniyan diẹ sii pẹlu yago fun ewu ju jijẹ èrè. Agbegbe naa wa labẹ awọn ogbele igbakọọkan, ati ifẹ fun ipese omi iduroṣinṣin jẹ ọkan ninu awọn idi fun ṣiṣe idido naa.

Eto[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ni 1969, Ajo Ounje ati Ogbin (FAO) ti gbejade iroyin kan ti o ṣe iṣeduro idamu kekere kan ati ilana irigeson ni Talata Mafara, pẹlu awọn idamu ti o ga julọ fun iṣakoso iṣan omi. Iroyin FAO tẹnumọ pataki ti ọna mimu ti yoo ni ipa diẹ si awọn ilana lilo ilẹ ti o wa, ni apakan nitori aini iriri pẹlu awọn iṣẹ irigeson ni agbegbe naa. Ni ọdun 1971 ijọba ologun Naijiria pe awọn igbero fun apẹrẹ ati abojuto iṣẹ akanṣe ati, ni ọdun 1972, fi iṣẹ naa fun Impressit Bakolori Nigeria, ile-iṣẹ kan ti o jẹ 60% nipasẹ ijọba Naijiria ati 40% nipasẹ oniranlọwọ ti Fiat . Lakoko akoko ikẹkọọ 1972 si 1974, ipari iṣẹ akanṣe naa gbooro lati bo idido nla kan ṣoṣo ati ero irigeson mechanized kan ti o tobi. Awọn agbe agbegbe ko ni imọran ninu ilana igbero ati pe ko si iwadi ti ipa isalẹ.

Ikole[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ikole idido naa bẹrẹ ni ọdun 1974 o si pari ni ọdun 1978, lẹhin eyi o gba ọdun mẹta fun ifiomipamo lati kun. Idido naa jẹ 5.5 kilometres (3 mi) embankment-kún ilẹ, pẹlu agbedemeji kọnja aarin 360 m gun ati 48 m giga ti o ṣafikun ile-iṣẹ agbara hydroelectric 3 MW kekere kan. Awọn paipu irigeson ati awọn ikanni ko pari titi di ọdun 1983 ati pe o bo saare 23,000 nikan ni akawe si 30,000 saare ti a pinnu ni ipilẹṣẹ. Omi ti a fi jiṣẹ si awọn saare 15,000 nipasẹ awọn sprinklers ati si 8,000 saare nipasẹ walẹ. Awọn sprinklers jẹ gbowolori ṣugbọn ṣe lilo daradara diẹ sii ti omi ti o ba tọju daradara. Lẹhin awọn idiyele idiyele, iṣẹ irigeson pari bi ọkan ninu awọn gbowolori julọ fun saare ni agbaye.


Ikole idido naa, pẹlu ipele ilẹ, imukuro ati ikole lila run awọn ilẹ oko ti o niyelori ati awọn igi. Àwọn àgbẹ̀ àdúgbò náà di àgbẹ̀ tí kò ní ilẹ̀. Pupọ ko gba ẹsan, tabi ti a fun ni ilẹ asan. Awọn ti o duro ni a fi agbara mu lati gbin awọn irugbin ti a ko mọ gẹgẹbi alikama. Nígbà iṣẹ́ ìkọ́lé, àwọn àgbẹ̀ àdúgbò náà kò ní ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi lè gbọ́ bùkátà ara wọn fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún. Ni ikọlu awọn olufihan ni Oṣu kọkanla ọdun 1979, gomina ipinlẹ Sokoto, Shehu Kangiwa, ṣeleri lati yanju gbogbo awọn ẹdun ọkan wọn. Bibẹẹkọ, ni ọjọ 28 Oṣu Kẹrin ọdun 1980 awọn ọlọpa gbe wọle lori awọn olufihan ti ko ni ihamọra o si pa eniyan ti o ju 380 lọ. Ijọba naa dun iṣẹlẹ naa, ni sisọ pe 25 nikan ni o ku.

Ipa isalẹ[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Awọn agbe iṣan omi ti o wa ni isalẹ nilo itusilẹ omi nla ṣaaju akoko idagbasoke, pẹlu awọn ṣiṣan ti o dinku nigbamii bi wọn ṣe nṣe adaṣe ipadasẹhin iṣan omi.[5] Awọn oniṣẹ idamu ko ni ifarabalẹ si iwulo yii, itusilẹ omi ti ko to ni awọn akoko ti ko yẹ.[6] Idido naa dinku ni pataki awọn ṣiṣan tente oke ati ijinle, iye akoko ati iye iṣan omi ni isalẹ lakoko akoko tutu.[7][8] Ó tún dín iye omi tó wà fún iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ kù, níwọ̀n bó ti jẹ́ pé omi ńlá kan tó wà ní àgbègbè gbígbóná tó sì gbẹ máa ń pàdánù ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ omi. Ni awọn agbegbe ti o wa ni isalẹ, ti apapọ 19,000 saare ti ilẹ iṣan omi, idido naa yorisi isonu ti 7,000 saare ti iṣelọpọ iresi ati 5,000 saare ti awọn irugbin akoko igba otutu.[9] Ipadanu yii jẹ aiṣedeede ni apakan nipasẹ awọn alekun ni iye jero kekere ati iṣelọpọ oka, ṣugbọn eniyan 12,000 ni a fi agbara mu lati gbe. Ipadanu ti iṣelọpọ ogbin ti ni idiyele ni US$7 million lododun.[10]

Ifomipamo ati agbegbe irigeson[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Awọn ifiomipamo ni o ni jo kekere littoral agbegbe, eyi ti o se idinwo awọn iwọn ti Spawning ati nọsìrì agbegbe ti julọ eja. Omi naa jẹ turbid, didimu awọn patikulu ile ti o daduro ti o di ina ati ṣe idiwọ idagbasoke ti awọn ohun ọgbin inu omi ti o wa lori eyiti ẹja gbarale fun ounjẹ. Eyi ṣe idiwọn agbara ti ifiomipamo fun iṣelọpọ ẹja.[11] Awọn ifiomipamo jẹ kere productive ju odo ati awọn odo ká adayeba adagun ati adagun.[12] Ni agbegbe ti a fi omi ṣan, omi ti o ga julọ ti o ni idapo pẹlu awọn oṣuwọn evaporation ti o ga julọ ti fa salinization, eyiti o ti bajẹ idaji ilẹ irrigable. Awọn ipele ti o ga julọ ti awọn arun ti a bi ni omi tun wa. Awọn igbiyanju lati ṣafihan awọn oriṣi tuntun ti cowpea laarin awọn jero, oka ati epa ko ni aṣeyọri diẹ nitori ikore kekere ti irugbin ibile yii ati idiyele giga ti awọn eto irigeson.[13]

Ni ọdun 2003, eto sprinkler ko ṣiṣẹ mọ ati pe 7,500 saare nikan ni wọn n gbin, pupọ julọ fun iresi, ni lilo irigeson ti o jẹun. A fi ilẹ silẹ titi di igba. Ọpọlọpọ awọn olugbe ti lọ si awọn ilu.[14] Dam Bakolori yorisi idinku 53% ni agbegbe ti o ṣee lo.[15]

Awọn onkọwe iroyin kan lori Wise Use of Wetlands ti UNESCO ṣejade ni ọdun 1988 pari pe “iyẹwo eto-ọrọ eto-aje ti o peye ni Bakolori yoo ti ni itẹlọrun diẹ sii ju iṣiro ti o ti fọwọsi.” [16]

Awọn itọkasi[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

  1. ↑ Akané Hartenbach; Jürgen Schuol (October 2005). "Bakolori Dam and Bakolori Irrigation Project – Sokoto River, Nigeria" (PDF). Eawag aquatic research institute. Retrieved 2010-01-10.  Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)[Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  2. ↑ MOHAMMED KUTA YAHAYA (2002). "DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF BAKOLORI IRRIGATION PROJECT IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA". Nordic Journal of African Studies 11 (3): 411–430. Archived from the original on 2021-09-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20210909184425/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol11num3/yahaya_02.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  3. ↑ Displacement and the politics of violence in Nigeria. BRILL. 1997. p. 76. ISBN 90-04-10876-9. 
  4. ↑ David Anderson; Richard H. Grove (1990). Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-521-34990-7. 
  5. ↑ Adams, W.M. (September 1993). "Development's deaf ear: Downstream users and water releases from the Bakolori Dam, Nigeria". World Development 21 (9): 1405–1416. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(93)90121-O. 
  6. ↑ Scudder, Thayer (2005). The future of large dams: dealing with social, environmental, institutional and political costs. Earthscan. p. 236. ISBN 1-84407-155-3. https://archive.org/details/futurelargedamsd00scud. 
  7. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Adam19933
  8. ↑ Adams, William (January 2000). "Downstream Impacts of Dams" (PDF). Thematic Review I.1. World Commission on Dams. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
  9. ↑ Adams, William Mark (2001). Green development: environment and sustainability in the Third World. Routledge. p. 231. ISBN 0-415-14766-2. https://archive.org/details/greendevelopment00adam_182. 
  10. ↑ de Schutter, Joop (2003). "Water Resources and Environment Technical Note G.3 Wetlands Management" (PDF). Washington, D.C. US: World Bank. p. 15. Retrieved 2015-09-12. 
  11. ↑ "Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  12. ↑ "Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters - The Niger/Sokoto River Basin". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
  13. ↑ M.O.E. Orode (1984-11-09). Tropical grain legume bulletin, Issue 28. International Grain Legume Information Centre. p. 88. 
  14. ↑ M. Kebbeh, S. Haefele and S. O. Fagade1 (September 2003). "Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Irrigated Rice Productivity in Nigeria" (PDF). West Africa Rice Development Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2010-01-11.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ "Background on issues relating to Water". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-01-11.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ G. E. Hollis; M. M. Holland; E. Maltby; J. S. Larson (January–March 1988). Wise Use of Wetlands. Nature and Resources. XXIV. UNESCO. https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/wise_use_of_wetlands_-_g._e._hollis_m._m._holland_e._maltby_and_j._s._larson.pdf. 
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