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Òrìṣà

Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
Brahman
Buddha
Beaker
Orisha
Ares
Janus
Itzamna e Ixchel
Kami
Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ àwọn àwòrán àwọn ọlọ́run ní àwọn àṣà oríṣiríṣi; ní ìtẹ̀léwọ̀n bí aago láti òkè apa òsì: ẹ̀sìn Híńdù, ẹ̀sìn Búdà, ẹ̀sìn Yorùbá, ẹ̀sìn ará Éjíbítì àtijọ́, ẹ̀sìn àwọn Màyà, ẹ̀sìn Shíńtò, ẹ̀sìn Kristẹni, ẹ̀sìn Gíríìkì-Róòmù àtijọ́, àti ẹ̀sìn àwọn Íńkà.

Ọ̀rìṣà tàbí ọlọ́run kékeré sí ẹni mímọ́ àti ẹni tí ó yẹ fún ìjọ́sìn, nítorí pé ó jẹ́ ẹ̀dá àtọ̀runwá tí ó ní àṣẹ lórí apá kan ti àgbáyé tàbí ìgbésí ayé.[1][2] Ìtumọ̀ 'deity' nínú Iwè-àmúlẹ̀ọ̀rọ̀ Oxford jẹ́ Ọlọ́run tàbí òrìṣà, tàbí ohun kan tí a kà sí ti Ọlọ́run tí a sì bu ọlá fún.[3] Òrìṣà tàbí ọlọ́run jẹ́ ẹ̀dá tí agbára rẹ̀ ju ti èèyàn lásán lọ, ṣùgbọ́n tí ó máa ń bá èèyàn lò, bóyá rere tàbí búburú, ní ọ̀nà tí yóò mú kí èèyàn gbérí dé ipò ìmọ̀ jíjinlẹ̀ tuntun, ju àwọn ohun tí ẹ̀mí lásán ń gbé lọ, gẹ́gẹ́ bí C. Scott Littleton ṣe túmọ̀ rẹ̀.[4]

Ó ṣeéṣe láti pín àwọn ẹ̀sìn sí ìsọ̀rí nípa iye ọlọ́run tí wọ́n ń jọ́sìn fún. Àwọn ẹ̀sìn monotheistic gbàgbọ́ nínú ọlọ́run kan ṣoṣo tí wọ́n sábà máa ń pè ní “Ọlọ́run”. [5][6] Èsìn tí ó ní ọlọ́run púpọ̀ sì gbàgbọ́ nínú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọlọ́run. [7] Àwọn ẹ̀sìn henotheistic gbàgbọ́ nínú Olódùmarè tàbí ọlọ́run kan tó ga jùlọ, láìṣẹ́́ àwọn ọlọ́run mìíràn, tí wọ́n kà wọ́n sí apá kan ẹ̀dá àtọ̀runwá kan náà.[8][9] Àwọn ẹ̀sìn tí kò gbàgbọ́ nínú Ọlọ́run sẹ́ ọlọ́run aláyérayé tó ga jù lọ tí ó dá ayé, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n lè gbàgbọ́ nínú àwùjọ àwọn ọlọ́run tí wọ́n máa ń wà láàyè, kú, tí wọ́n sì máa ń tún wáyé bíi gbogbo ẹ̀dá mìíràn.[10]:35–37[11]:357–358

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀sìn tí ó ní ọlọ́run kan ni ó sábà máa ń wo Ọlọ́run wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ** alágbára gbogbo, níbi gbogbo, ọ̀mọ̀ràn gbogbo, aláàánú gbogbo, àti ayérayé[12][13] Kò sí ọ̀kankan nínú àwọn ànímọ́ wọ̀nyí tí ó ṣe kókó sí ìtumọ̀ òrìṣà (deity)[14][15][16] awọn àsà oríṣiríṣi sì ti ní èrò nípa àwọn òrìṣà wọn ní ọ̀nà tó yàtọ̀tọ̀.[14][15] Àwọn ẹ̀sìn tí ó gbàgbọ́ nínú Ọlọ́run kan ṣoṣo sábà máa ń tọ́ka sí Ọlọ́run wọn pẹ̀lú àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ akọ,[17][18]:96 nígbà tí àwọn ẹ̀sìn mìíràn ń pe àwọn òrìṣà wọn ní onírúurú ọ̀nà — akọ, abo, akọ-abo méjèèjì tàbí ẹni tí kò ní ìbálòpọ̀ kankan(genderless).[19][20][21]

Awọn àṣà púpọ̀ —títí kan àwọn ará Mesopotamia ìgbàanì, àwọn ará Egypt ìgbàanì, àwọn ará Greece ìgbàanì, àwọn ará Rome ìgbàanì, àti àwọn ẹyà Jẹ́mánì —wọ́n ti sọ àwọn nǹkan abàmì ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ di ènìyàn (ìyẹn, wọ́n ń pè wọ́n ní òrìṣà tàbí ẹ̀dá alààyè), bíi àwọn ohun tí ó ń fa ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tàbí èsì wọn pẹ̀lú ìmọ̀ọ́mọ̀.[22][23][24] Àwọn kan lára àwọn òrìṣà Avesta àti Vedic ni wọ́n kà sí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹ̀kọ́ ìwà rere (ethical concepts).[22][23] Nínu àwọn ẹ̀sìn ilẹ̀ India, wọ́n ti fojú inú wo àwọn òrìṣà gẹ́gẹ́ bíi àwọn tí ń farahàn nínú tẹ́mpìlì ara gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè, gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn ẹ̀yà ara amọ̀kanmọ̀ràn (sensory organs) àti ọkàn.[25][26][27] Wọ́n fojú inú wo àwọn òrìṣà gẹ́gẹ́ bí irú ìwàláàyè kan (Saṃsāra) lẹ́yìn ìtúnwáyé (rebirth), fún àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n jẹ́wọ̀n nípasẹ̀ ìwà rere. Níbi náà ni wọ́n ti di àwọn òrìṣà olùṣọ́ (guardian deities) tí ń gbé tayọ̀tayọ̀ ní ọ̀run (heaven), ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún lè kú bí wọ́n bá pàdánù agbára tàbí ọlá wọn.

Ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ọ̀rọ̀

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ọ̀rọ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì náà deity wá láti orí ọ̀rọ̀ deité nínú èdè Faransé àtijọ́,[28] Èdè Látìn (Latin) deitatem (ìpò-orúkọ deitas) túmọ̀ sí “ìwà-àtọ̀runwá” (divine nature), tí Augustine ti Hippo dá sílẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ deus (“Ọlọ́run”). Ọ̀rọ̀ Deus ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú deiwos nípasẹ̀ orísun gbogbogbò Èdè Proto-Indo-European (PIE).[29] Oríṣun yìí ló bí ọ̀rọ̀ ilẹ̀ Íńdíà ìgbàanì Deva, tí ó túmọ̀ sí "láti tàn, ẹni tí ń tàn," láti ọ̀dọ̀ div- "láti tàn"; bákan náà ni ó tún bí ọ̀rọ̀ Gíríìkì dios "àtọ̀runwá" àti Zeus; àti ọ̀rọ̀ Látìnì deus "ọlọ́run" (Látìnì àtijọ́ deivos).[30][31][32]:230–31 Deva jẹ́ ọ̀rọ̀ akọ (masculine), àti pé èyí tí ó bá a tan tí ó jẹ́ obìnrin (feminine equivalent) ni devi.[33]:496 Nípa ìmọ̀-ìbéèrè-pínlẹ̀-ọ̀rọ̀ (Etymologically), àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ orígun kan náà (cognates) fún Devi ni ọ̀rọ̀ Látìnì dea àti ọ̀rọ̀ Gíríìkì thea.[34] Nínú èdè Pásíà Àtijọ́ (Old Persian), ọ̀rọ̀ daiva- túmọ̀ sí "ẹ̀mí èṣù" (demon) tàbí "ọlọ́run burúkú" (evil god),[31] Ṣùgbọ́n nínú èdè Sanskrit, ó túmọ̀ sí ìyàtọ̀ rẹ̀ pátápátá (the opposite), ó ń tọ́ka sí "àwọn nǹkan ti ọ̀run, àtọ̀runwá, àwọn ohun orí ilẹ̀ tí ó tayọ̀ gidigidi, àwọn ẹni gíga, àwọn tí ń tàn".[33]:496[35][36]

Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Douglas Harper ti sọ, ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tímọ́tímọ́ náà "ọlọ́run" (god) ń tọ́ka sí "Ẹni-gíga-jùlọ" (supreme being) tàbí "òrìṣà" (deity),[37] tí ó sì wá láti Èdè Proto-Germanic guthan, láti Èdè Proto-Indo-European ghut-, èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí “ohun tí a ń pè sókè.Guth nínú Èdè Irish túmọ̀ sí “ohùn”. Ọ̀rọ̀ ghut- náà ni orísun Èdè Old Church Slavonic zovo (“pè”), àti Èdè Sanskrit huta- (“ti a pè sí”, orúkọ ìyìn fún Indra), láti gbòngbò gheu(e)- (“pè” tàbí “ké sí”).[37]

Ìtúmọ̀ míì fún ọ̀rọ̀ “god” wá láti Èdè Proto-Germanic Gaut, tí ó ń tọ́pa rẹ̀ dé gbòngbò Èdè Proto-Indo-European ghu-to- (“tí a tú”), tí a sì fà láti gbòngbò gheu- (“tú” tàbí “tú ẹbọ wáìnì sílẹ̀ fún àwọn òrìṣà”).Ọ̀rọ̀ gheu- náà ni orísun ọ̀rọ̀ Giriki khein, tí ó túmọ̀ sí “tú”.[37] Ni ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀, ọ̀rọ̀ "ọlọ́run" (god) àti àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ Jẹ́mánì mìíràn tí ó jọra rẹ̀ jẹ́ ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ aláìsí-akọ-abo (neuter nouns), ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n yí padà sí jíjẹ́ akọ lápapọ̀ lábẹ́ ipa ẹ̀sìn Kírìstẹ́nì, nínú èyí tí a sábà máa ń ka ọlọ́run sí akọ.[32]:230–231[37] Ṣùgbọ́n ní ìyàtọ̀ sí èyí, gbogbo àwọn àṣà àti ìtàn-àròsọ Indo-European ìgbàanì mọ akọ àti abo òrìṣà méjèèjì.[36]

Àwọn Ìtumọ̀

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àwọn onígbàgbọ́ Pantheist gbà pé àgbáyé fúnra rẹ̀ àti ohun gbogbo tí ó wà nínú rẹ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀dá kan ṣoṣo, òrìṣà tí ó bo gbogbo nǹkan mọ́lẹ̀.[38][39]

Kò sí ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ tí gbogbo àgbáyé gbà pé ó tọ̀nà lórí ohun tí òrìṣà jẹ́,àwọn èrò lórí òrìṣà sì yàtọ̀ púpọ̀ láàárín àwọn àṣà oríṣiríṣi.[18]:69–74[40] Huw Owen sọ pé ọ̀rọ̀ náà "òrìṣà tàbí ọlọ́run tàbí èyí tí ó bá a dọ́gba ní àwọn èdè mìíràn"ní onírúurú ìtumọ̀ àti ìjìnnìyànlẹ̀ tí ó ń yanilẹ́nu (bewildering range).[41]:vii-ix Ó ti fẹ̀ láti "Ẹni àìlópin tí ó ré kọjá gbogbo nǹkan tí ó dá àgbáyé àti tí ó jẹ́ Olúwa rẹ̀" (Ọlọ́run), títí dé "ẹ̀dá kan tí ó ní òpin tàbí ìrírí, pẹ̀lú ìjìnnìyànlẹ̀ pàtàkì tàbí èyí tí ń ru ìmọ̀lára pàtàkì sókè" (ọlọ́run), títí dé "èrò kan nínú èsìn tàbí ìmọ̀ ọgbọ́n orí tí ó jẹ mọ́ ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ tàbí àwọn ẹ̀dá tí a ti sọ di títóbi tàbí agbègbè tí ó ré kọjá ayé", títí kan "ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìlò mìíràn".[41]:vii–ix

A sábà máa ń ro òrìṣà gẹ́gẹ́ bí èrò tí ó ré kọjá ti ẹ̀dá (supernatural) tàbí ti àtọ̀runwá (divine concept), tí ó ń farahàn nínú àwọn èrò àti ìmọ̀, nínú àwọ̀ kan tí ó parapọ̀ jẹ́ átayọ nínú apá kan tàbí gbogbo apá, tí ó ń bá àìlera àti àwọn ìbéèrè jà ní apá mìíràn, tí ó jẹ́ akọni nínú ìwòye àti ìṣe, síbẹ̀ tí ó so mọ́ àwọn ìmọ̀lára àti ìfẹ́-ọkàn.[42][43] Nínú àwọn ọ̀nà mìíràn, òrìṣà jẹ́ ìlànà tàbí òtítọ́ kan bí èrò ti "ọkàn" (soul). Fún àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn Upanishads ti ẹ̀sìn Híńdú (Hinduism) ṣàpèjúwe Atman (ọkàn,ara ẹni) gẹ́gẹ́ bíi deva (òrìṣà), nípa bẹ́ẹ̀ ni wọ́n ń fi hàn pé deva àti ìlànà gíga jùlọ ayérayé (Brahman) jẹ́ apá kan gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè, pé ọkàn yìí jẹ́ ti ẹ̀mí àti ti àtọ̀runwá, àti pé mímọ ìmọ̀-ara-ẹni ni mímọ ẹni gíga jùlọ náà.[44][45][46]

Ìgbàgbọ́-nínú-Ọlọ́run (Theism) jẹ́ ìgbàgbọ́ nínú ìwàláyé òrìṣà kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.[47][48] Polytheism jẹ́ ìgbàgbọ́ nínú àti ìjọsìn fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ òrìṣà,[49] wọ́n sì sábà máa ń kó wọn jọ sínú àkójọpọ̀ òrìṣà (pantheon) ti àwọn ọlọ́run akọ àti abo, pẹ̀lú àwọn ìṣe ìsìn (rituals) tí ó tẹ̀lé e. [49] Nínú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀sìn pọlitíìsìn (polytheistic religions), àwọn ọlọ́run akọ àti abo oríṣiríṣi jẹ́ àwòrán àwọn ipá ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ tàbí àwọn ìlànà bàbáńlá, a sì lè wò wọ́n gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn tí ó dá dúró (autonomous) tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan tàbí àwọn ìfàkalẹ̀ ti Ọlọ́run tó dá nǹkan tàbí ìlànà àbùdá tí ó ré kọjá (transcendental absolute principle) àwọn ẹ̀kọ́-Ọlọ́run-kan-ṣoṣo (monistic theologies), èyí tí ó ń farahàn lọ́nà tí ó wà nínúu nǹkan (immanently) nínú ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀.[49] Hénotẹ́ísìn (Henotheism) gbà pé òrìṣà kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ wà, ṣùgbọ́n ó ka gbogbo àwọn òrìṣà sí àwòrán tí ó dọ́gba tàbí apá kan ìlànà àtọ̀runwá kan náà, èyí tí ó ga jùlọ.[9][50][8][51] Ìgbàgbọ́-ọlọ́run-kan-ṣoṣo (Monolatry) jẹ́ ìgbàgbọ́ náà pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ òrìṣà ló wà, ṣùgbọ́n pé òrìṣà kan péré lára wọn ni a lè sìn tọ̀wọ̀tọ̀wọ̀.[52][53]

Ìgbàgbọ́ nínú Ọlọ́run kan ṣoṣo ni Monotheism.[54][55][56][57][58][59][60] Ọlọ́run kan ṣoṣo (tí a tún mọ̀ sí "Ọlọ́run" nínú èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì) ni a sábà máa ń ṣàpèjúwe rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹni tí ó: ní agbára gbogbo (omnipotent), wà níbikíbi (omnipresent), mọ gbogbo nǹkan (omniscient), ní inú rere púpọ̀ (omnibenevolent), àti pé ó wà títí ayérayé (eternal/everlasting). [61] Ṣùgbọ́n, kì í ṣe gbogbo òrìṣà ni a ti bu ọlá fún ní ọ̀nà yìí[14][16][62][63] Kì í sì í ṣe dandan kí òrìṣà jẹ́ ẹni tí ó lágbára jùlọ, tí ó wà níbi gbogbo, tí ó mọ ohun gbogbo, tí ó nífẹ̀ẹ́ gbogbo èèyàn tàbí tí ó wà títí ayérayé kí a tó pè é ní òrìṣà. [14][16][62]

Deism (Ìgbàgbọ́ Nínú Ọlọ́run Onídàájọ́ṣe) jẹ́ ẹ̀kọ́ ìgbàgbọ́ pé òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo ló wà, ẹni tó dá àgbáyé, àmọ́ tí kì í fi bẹ́ẹ̀ dá sí ọ̀rọ̀ ayé tó tẹ̀lé e.[64][65][66]Deism jẹ́ ẹ̀kọ́ ìgbàgbọ́ pé òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo ló wà, ẹni tó dá àgbáyé, àmọ́ tí kì í fi bẹ́ẹ̀ dá sí ọ̀rọ̀ ayé tó tẹ̀lé e. [67][68] Ìgbàgbọ́ pé gbogbo àgbáyé fúnra rẹ̀ ni Ọlọ́run[38] Ọlọ́run wà nínú ohun gbogbo, bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni ohun gbogbo wà nínu rẹ̀.[39] Ìgbàgbọ́ Pandeism ni pé lẹ́hìn tí Ọlọ́run dá àgbáyé tán, ó parapọ̀ di àgbáyé náà, kò sì sí Ọlọ́run mìíràn lẹ́yìn àgbáyé mọ́.[69] Panentheism jẹ́ ìgbàgbọ́ pé Ọlọ́run (àti àwọn òrìṣà) gba gbogbo àgbáyé kan, àmọ́ tí ó sì tún ré kọjá àgbáyé náà.[70] Agnosticism jẹ́ ipò tí ó sọ pé kò ṣeéṣe láti mọ̀ dájúdájú bóyá Ọlọ́run tàbí irú òrìṣà kankan wà.[71][72][73] Atheism jẹ́ àìgbàgbọ́ nínú wíwà Ọlọ́run rárá.[74]

Ìtàn Ṣáájú

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Ère obìnrin ìhòhò tí ó jókòó, tí àwọn eranko bíi tìgíǹná méjì wà lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ rẹ̀, láti Çatalhöyük, tó jẹ́ ti ayé ọdún bíi 6000 ṣáájú ìbí Kristi (BCE), tí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn awalẹ̀pètú (onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ ohun àtijọ́) rò pé ó ń ṣàfihàn òrìṣà obìnrin kan.[75][76]
Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: Prehistoric religion

Àwọn ọ̀mọ̀wé (scholars) máa ń fẹnu ko ṣeeṣe wíwà àwọn òrìṣà (deities) ní àkókò ìgbà pípẹ́ sẹ́yìn (prehistoric period) látinú àwọn àkọlé àti iṣẹ́-ọnà ìgbàani (prehistoric arts) bíi àwọn yíyà àwòrán inú ihò àpáta (cave drawings). Sibẹsibẹ, kò yé wa dáadáa ohun tí àwọn àwòrán wọ̀nyí jẹ́ tàbí ìdí tí wọ́n fi ṣe wọ́n.[77] Àwọn àwòrán fínfín tàbí àwọn yíyà àwòrán kan fi àwọn ẹranko, àwọn ọdẹ tàbí àwọn ìṣe ìsìn (rituals) hàn.[78] ó ti wọ́pọ̀ fún àwọn awalẹ̀pìtàn (archaeologists) láti túmọ̀ ère gbogbo obìnrin ìgbà pípẹ́ sẹ́yìn gbogbo gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo, ìyẹn òrìṣà ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ (primordial goddess), baba ńlá àwọn òrìṣà tí a mọ̀ nípa wọn nínú ìtàn (historically attested) bíi Inanna, Ishtar, Astarte, Cybele, àti Aphrodite.[79] Ìlànà ìwòyí ti di ẹni tí a ti kọ́ lónìí.[79] Àwọn awalẹ̀pìtàn òde òní ti wá gbà pé kò lè ṣeéṣe láti fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ dájú pé àwọn ère kékeré ìgbà pípẹ́ sẹ́yìn dúró fún irúfẹ́ òrìṣà èyíkéyìí, àní àwọn òrìṣà obìnrin pàápàá.[79] Síbẹ̀, ó ṣeé ṣe láti ṣàyẹ̀wò àwòrán àtijọ́ kọọkan lọ́nà àtọ̀ọ̀tọ̀, kí a sì ṣe àfihàn bí ó ṣe ṣeé ṣe kó jẹ́ pé wọ́n ń ṣàpẹẹrẹ àwọn òrìṣà.[79] Àwọn kan ti túmọ̀ Venus ti Willendorf, tí wọ́n rí nílẹ̀ Yúróòpù, tí wọ́n sì sọ pé ó ti wà ní nǹkan bí ẹ̀ẹ́dẹ́gbẹ̀ta lẹ́gbẹ̀ta (25,000) ọdún kí àkókò tí a ń kàwé bẹ̀rẹ̀ (BCE) gẹ́gẹ́ bí àpẹẹrẹ òrìṣà obìnrin ìgbà pípẹ́ sẹ́yìn.[78] Wọ́n ti ṣàwárí iye kan àwọn àwòrán tí ó ṣeé ṣe kí wọ́n jẹ́ àwọn aṣojú òrìṣà tàbí òrìṣà ní Ain Ghazal.[79] Àwọn iṣẹ́ ọnà tí wọ́n ṣàwárí ní Çatalhöyük fi àwọn ìtọ́kasí hàn sí ohun tí ó ṣeé ṣe kí ó jẹ́ ìtàn àròsọ tí ó kún fún àlàyé.[79]

Àwọn ẹ̀sìn àti àṣà

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Áfíríkà tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ aṣálẹ̀ Sàhárà

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Òrìṣà Yorùbá láti Nàìjíríà

Àwọn àṣà Áfíríkà oríṣiríṣi dá ẹ̀kọ́ ìsìn àti àwọn èrò ti òrìṣà kalẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtàn wọn. Ní Nàìjíríà àti àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó wà ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà, fún àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn òrìṣà pàtàkì méjì (tí wọ́n ń pè ní 'Òrìṣà' ní àdúgbò)[80] ni a rí nínú ẹ̀sìn Yorùbá, pàtàkì jùlọ òrìṣà Ọ̀gún àti òrìṣà Ọ̀ṣun[80] Ọ̀gún jẹ́ òrìṣà akọ tótunwá, bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni ó tún jẹ́ aláàbò gbogbo iṣẹ́-ọwọ́ bíi pípèsè àwọn ohun èlò, iṣẹ́ irin, ọdẹ, ogun, ààbò àti gbígbé òdodo àti ìdájọ́ gangan kalẹ̀.[81][82] Ọ̀ṣun jẹ́ òrìṣà abo tótunwá tó lágbára bákan náà, àti aláàbò onígun mẹ́ta ti irúgbìn, omi, ìlera ìyá, ìbáṣepọ̀ àwùjọ, ìfẹ́ àti àlàáfíà. [80] Àwọn ìṣe Ọ̀gún àti Ọ̀ṣun ni wọ́n gbé wá sí ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà nínú ọkọ̀ ẹrú. Àwọn ará Áfíríkà tọ́jú wọn dáradára sí àwọn àdúgbò oko ẹrú wọn, àwọn àjọ̀dún wọn sì ń báa lọ títí di òní.[80][81]

Nínú àwọn àṣà Gúsù Áfíríkà, ìdàpọ̀ òrìṣà akọ-abo kan náà ti farahàn ní àwọn ọ̀nà mìíràn, pàápàá gẹ́gẹ́ bí òrìṣà Òṣùpá àti Oòrùn.[83] Ọ̀kan nínú ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ Gúsù Áfíríkà ni Hieseba tàbí Xuba (òrìṣà/ọlọ́run), Gaune (ẹ̀mí èṣù) àti Khuene (ènìyàn).Hieseba yìí pẹ̀lú Nladiba (ọkùnrin, ọlọ́run ọ̀run tó dá ayé) àti Nladisara (obìnrin, Nladisara méjèèjì.Wọ́n ń ka òrìṣà Oòrùn (obìnrin) àti Òṣùpá (ọkùnrin) sí àwọn ọmọ Nladiba àti àwọn Nladisara méjèèjì.Wọ́n ń ka Oòrùn àti Òṣùpá sí bí Ọlọ́run títóbi náà ṣe fara hàn, ìjọsìn wọn sì jẹ́ èyí tí a ṣètò àkókò rẹ̀ tí a sì darí rẹ̀ sí wọn.[84] Nínú àwọn àṣà Áfíríkà mìíràn, wọ́n ń ka Oòrùn sí akọ, nígbà tí Òṣùpá jẹ́ abo, àwọn méjèèjì sì jẹ́ àmì ìwà-ọlọ́run náà.[85]:199–120 Ní Zimbabwe, Ọlọ́run títóbi náà jẹ́ alákòóso méjì (akọ àti abo) pẹ̀lú àwọn apá kan akọ-abo, tí a fi ojú inú wò gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹni tí ń fúnni ní òjò, tí a sì ń bá lò ní àkókò kan náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọlọ́run òkùnkùn àti ìmọ́lẹ̀, a sì ń pè é ní Mwari Shona.[85]:89 Ní agbègbè Adágún Victoria, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ fún òrìṣà ni Lubaale, tàbí Jok pẹ̀lú.[86]

Ìlà Oòrùn Ayé Àtijọ́

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

ilẹ̀ Égípítì

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Àwòrán inú ibojì àwọn ará Égípítì ìgbàanì tí ó fi àwọn òrìṣà bíi Osiris, Anubis, àti Horus hàn, àwọn tí wọ́n jẹ́ lára àwọn òrìṣà pàtàkì nínú ẹ̀sìn Égípítì ìgbàanì.[87]

Ancient Egyptian Àṣà ìgbàanì náà bọ̀wọ̀ fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ òrìṣà. Àwọn àkọsílẹ̀ àti àwọn àrokò ilẹ̀ Égípítì kàwé orúkọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn tí a kò mọ irú wọn tàbí ipò wọn, wọ́n sì tún sọ̀rọ̀ nípa àwọn òrìṣà mìíràn tí a kò dárúkọ wọn ní kedere.[88]:73 Gbajúgbajà onímọ̀ nípa Égípítì, James P. Allen, fojú bù ú pé ó ju ẹ̀ẹ́dẹ́gbẹ̀jọ (1,400) òrìṣà lọ tí a dárúkọ wọn nínú àwọn àkọsílẹ̀ Égípítì,[89] Christian Leitz, ẹlẹgbẹ́ rẹ̀, sọ pé 'ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún púpọ̀' àwọn òrìṣà ni ó wà níbẹ̀.[90]:393–394 Their terms for deities were nṯr (god), and feminine nṯrt (goddess);[91]:42 Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tí wọ́n ń lò fún òrìṣà ni nṯr (ọlọ́run) àti abo rẹ̀, nṯrt (ọlọ́run bìnrin).Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ wọ̀nyí tún lè tọ́ka sí ẹ̀dá èyíkéyí — àwọn ẹ̀mí àti àwọn ènìyàn tí ó ti kú, ṣùgbọ́n tí kì í ṣe àwọn ẹ̀mí èṣù — tí wọ́n wà ní ìta àyíká ìgbésí ayé ojoojúmọ́ àwọn Òrìṣà.[92]:216[91]:62 Égípítì sábàá máa ń ní àjọṣe pẹ̀lú ìjọsìn, ipa, àti àwọn ìtàn àròsọ tiwọn[92]:7–8, 83

Ó fẹ́rẹ̀ tó igba (200) òrìṣà tí ó gbajúmọ̀ nínú àwọn Pyramid Texts àti àwọn tẹ́mpìlì ìgbàanì ti Égípítì, púpọ̀ nínú wọn ni wọ́n ní ìrísí ẹranko (zoomorphic). Lára àwọn wọ̀nyí ni Min (Òrìṣà oore-ọ̀fọ̀ àti irúgbìn), Neith (òrìṣàbìnrin tó dá ayé), Anubis, Atum, Bes, Horus, Isis, Ray, Meretseger, Nut, Osiris, Shu, Sia àti Thoth.[87]:11–12 Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn òrìṣà Égípítì ló dúró fún àwọn ohun àdámọ́, àwọn ohun tí ó wà ní ti gidi tàbí àwọn apá kan ti ìgbésí ayé àwùjọ, bíi àwọn agbára ìwà nínú tí ó fara sin sí àárín àwọn ohun àdámọ́ wọ̀nyí.[93][94] Òrìṣà Shu, fún àpẹẹrẹ, dúró fún afẹ́fẹ́; òrìṣà bìnrin Meretseger dúró fún apá kan ilẹ̀ ayé, àti òrìṣà Sia dúró fún agbára àbùdá ti ìmọ̀lára.[95]:91, 147 Àwọn òrìṣà bíi Ra àti Osiris ni wọ́n ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìdájọ́ àwọn òkú àti títọ́jú wọn nígbà ayé lẹ́yìn ikú.[87]:26–28 Àwọn òrìṣà pàtàkì sábàá máa ń ní ipa púpọ̀, wọ́n sì máa ń kópa nínú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ohun àdámọ́.[95]:85–86

Àwọn ẹ̀rí àkọsílẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ nípa àwọn òrìṣà wá láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kẹta BCE, ó sì ṣeé ṣe kí wọ́n ti ipasẹ̀ àwọn ìgbàgbọ́ ìgbàanì ṣẹ̀ wá.[96] Bí ó ti wù kí ó rí, ẹ̀sìn àwọn òrìṣà di ètò tí ó fìdí múlẹ̀, ó sì di gíga sí i lẹ́yìn ìdásílẹ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ Égípítì lábẹ́ àwọn Fáráò, ní apá ìparí ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kẹta BCE. Wọ́n ka àwọn Fáráò sí àwọn ọba mímọ́ tí wọ́n ní ẹ̀tọ́ àkànṣe láti bá àwọn òrìṣà sọ̀rọ̀. [97][88]:12–15 Nípasẹ̀ àwọn ọ̀rúndún àkọ́kọ́ ti Common Era (CE), bí àwọn ará Égípítì ṣe ń bá àwọn àṣà mìíràn tó wà lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ wọn kẹ́gbẹ́ tí wọ́n sì ń ṣòwò, wọ́n gba àwọn òrìṣà àjèjì wọlé, wọ́n sì ń bọ wọ́n[98][90]:160

Lèfántáìnì

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Owó ẹyọ drachm (ìdámẹ́rin ṣékélì) kan láti ọ̀rúndún kẹrin BCE láti Ilẹ̀ Ọba Achaemenid, tí àwòrán Ọlọ́run kan wà lórí rẹ̀ lórí àyíkà tó ní ìyẹ́, ó sì ṣeé ṣe kó jẹ́ àfihàn Yahweh (Ọlọ́run àwọn Júù) tó jókòó lórí ìtẹ́ oòrùn tó ní ìyẹ́ àti àyíkà.

Àwọn ará Kénáánì ìgbàanì jẹ́ abọ̀rìṣà, wọ́n sì gbàgbọ́ nínú ọ̀pọ̀ yanturu àwọn òrìṣà,[99][100][101] Olórí wọn ni òrìṣà El, ẹni tí ó jọba pẹ̀lú aya rẹ̀ Asherah àti àwọn ọmọ ọkùnrin wọn àádọ́rin[99]:22–24[100][101] jẹ́ òrìṣà ìjì, òjò, ewéko àti oore-ọ̀fọ (àtọmọdọ́mọ),[99]:68–127 nígbà tí Anat, aya rẹ̀, jẹ́ òrìṣà ogun[99]:131, 137–139 àti Astarte, tí ó jọ Ishtar ní ìwọ̀-oòrùn Semitic, jẹ́ òrìṣà ìfẹ́.[99]:146–149 Àwọn ènìyàn Ìjọba Ísírẹ́lì àti Júdà tẹ́lẹ̀ rí gbàgbọ́ nínú àwọn òrìṣà wọ̀nyí,[99][101][102] pẹ́lú Ọlọ́run orílẹ̀-èdè tiwọn, Yahweh.[103][104] Nígbà tó yá, El àti Yahweh di pọ̀ (tí a fi El jọra pẹ̀lú Yahweh), ẹni tí ó gba ipò El gẹ́gẹ́ bí olórí àwọn òrìṣà,[99]:13–17 with Asherah as his divine consort[105]:45[99]:146 àti 'àwọn ọmọ El' gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn ọmọ rẹ̀.[99]:22–24 Ní àwọn ọdún tó kẹ́yìn Ìjọba Júdà, apá kan àwọn tó ń sin òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo (monolatristic faction) dìde sórí ìjọba, wọ́n sì tẹnu mọ́ ọn pé kìkì Yahweh nìkan ni ó yẹ kí àwọn ènìyàn Júdà máa sìn.[99]:229–233 Wọ́n fi dandan mú ìsìn òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo (monolatry) ṣẹ ní àkókò àtúnṣe Ọba Josaiah ní ọdún 621 BCE.[99]:229 Níkẹyìn, ní àkókò ìdààmú orílẹ̀-èdè ti ìgbèkùn Bábílónì, àwọn kan nínú àwọn Júù bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí kọ́ni pé àwọn òrìṣà mìíràn yàtọ̀ sí Yahweh kò wulẹ̀ yẹ fún ìsìn nìkan,ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún sọ pé wọn kò sí rárá.[106][41]:4 Wọ́n sọ ipò 'àwọn ọmọ El' kalẹ̀ láti òrìṣà sí áńgẹ́lì.[99]:22

Tí Mesopotamia

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àmì ìtẹ̀wé (impression) èdìdì oníwọ̀nọ̀rùn àwọn ará Akkadian tó fi Inanna hàn, òrìṣà àwọn ará Sumeria ti ìfẹ́, ìbálòpọ̀, àti ogun
Ère ògiri (wall relief) ti Aššur, Ọlọ́run orílẹ̀-èdè àwọn ará Assyria, pẹ̀lú àpẹẹrẹ 'ọkùnrin apata' (winged male) onírúurú ìrísí (hybrid iconography)

Àṣà àwọn ará Mesopotamia ìgbàanì ní gúúsù Iraq ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ dingir (òrìṣà, ọlọ́run àti abo òrìṣà). [18]:69–74[40] Àwọn òrìṣà Mesopotamia ní orísí ènìyàn tọ́ pọ̀ jùlọ (anthropomorphic).[107]:93[18]:69–74[108] Wọ́n rò pé wọ́n ní agbára àrà ọ̀tọ̀[107]:93 wọ́n sì sábà máa ń wò wọ́n bí ẹni tí ó ga ré kọjá àgbáyé nípa ti ara.[107]:93 Wọ́n jẹ́ aláìkú,[107]:93 ṣùgbọ́n a sọ pé díẹ̀ nínú wọn, pàápàá Dumuzid, Geshtinanna,àti Gugalanna, ti kú tàbí ti bẹ ìjọba òkú wò.[107]:93 Àwọn òrìṣà ọkùnrin àti abo ni a bọ̀wọ̀ fún káàkiri.[107]:93

Nínú pántẹ́ọ̀nù àwọn ará Sumeria, àwọn òrìṣà ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ iṣẹ́, nínú èyí tí ó wà:sísọ́rí ìbímọ, òjò, irigeson (ìmọ́lẹ̀ omi), iṣẹ́-àgbẹ̀, àyànmọ́, àti òtítọ́/ìdájọ́.[18]:69–74 Wọ́n ń bọ́ àwọn òrìṣà náà, wọ́n ń wọ̀ wọ́n ní aṣọ, wọ́n ń gbádùn, wọ́n tún sì ń sìn wọ́n láti dènà àwọn àjálù àdáyébá, bákan náà láti dènà rúdurùdu àwùjọ bí ìkógun,ìfipábánilòpọ̀, tàbí ìwà ìkà.[18]:69–74[109]:186[107]:93 Ọ̀pọ̀ nínú àwọn òrìṣà Sumeria ni wọ́n jẹ́ olùṣọ́ àwọn ìlú-ìjọba (city-states).[109]

Àwọn òrìṣà pàtàkì jù lọ nínú pántẹ́ọ̀nù àwọn ará Sumeria ni a mọ̀ sí Anunnaki,[110] wọ́n sì pẹ̀lú àwọn òrìṣà tí a mọ̀ sí 'àwọn ọlọ́run méje tí ń pinnu' (the seven gods who decree): An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, àti Inanna.[110] Lẹ́yìn ìgbà tí Sargon ti Akkad ṣẹ́gun Sumer, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ òrìṣà Sumeria ni a fi wọ́n jọ pọ̀ mọ́ àwọn ti East Semitic.[109] Inanna, abo òrìṣà náà, tí a fi jọ Ishtar ti East Semitic, di gbígbajúmọ̀,[111][112]:xviii, xv[109]:182[107]:106–09 ó sì ní àwọn tẹ́mpìlì káàkiri Mesopotamia.[113][107]:106–09

Ìtàn àròsọ Mesopotamia ti ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kìíní BCE ka Anšar (lẹ́yìn náà Aššur) àti Kišar sí àwọn òrìṣà ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ (primordial deities). [114] Marduk jẹ́ ọlọ́run pàtàkì láàrin àwọn ará Bábílónì. Ó dìde láti ipò òrìṣà aláìlónítumọ̀ ti ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kẹta BCE láti di ọ̀kan nínú àwọn òrìṣà tí ó gbọ́wọ́ pẹ̀sẹ̀ jù lọ nínú pántẹ́ọ̀nù Mesopotamia ti ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kìíní Àwọn ará Bábílónì ń sin Marduk gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹlẹ́dàá ọ̀run, ayé àti aráyé, àti gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ọlọ́run orílẹ̀-èdè tiwọn.[18]:62, 73[115] Àpẹẹrẹ ìrísí (iconography) Marduk jẹ́ ti eranko (zoomorphic), a sì sábà máa ń rí í nínú àwọn ìsẹ́ku ìwákirí (archaeological remains) Àárín Gbùngbùn Ìlà-oòrùn tí wọ́n fi ṣe é bíi 'ejò-àjànàkù' (snake-dragon) tàbí 'ẹ̀dá-aláyé-àti-eran-pọ̀'(human-animal hybrid). [116][117][118]

Ti Indo-Europeania

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Germanic

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
The Kirkby Stephen Stone, tí wọ́n ṣàwárí rẹ̀ ní Kirkby Stephen, England, ṣàfihàn àwòrán ènìyàn tí a de, ẹni tí àwọn kan ti fojú bù pé ó lè jẹ́ òrìṣà Germanic náà, Loki.

Nínú àwọn èdè Jẹmánì (Germanic languages), àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó bá 'Ọlọ́run' (god) dọ́gbà ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ jẹ́ aláìní-akọ-bákan (neuter) ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n yí padà sí akọ (masculine), bí ó ti rí nínú àwọn èdè Jẹmánì òde òní, lẹ́yìn ìgbà tí wọ́n ti di Onígbàgbọ́ (Christianisation) nítorí lílo tí wọ́n ń lò wọ́n láti tọ́ka sí Ọlọ́run àwọn Kristẹni.[119]

Nínú ìtàn àròsọ Norse, Æsir (ẹ̀yọ kan: áss tàbí ǫ́ss) ni ẹgbẹ́ àwọn òrìṣà pàtàkì jùlọ,[120] nígbà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ásynjur (ẹ̀yọ kan: ásynja) tọ́ka pàtó sí àwọn òrìṣà obìnrin Æsir.[121] John Lindow sọ pé àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ wọ̀nyí lè ti wá láti orísun gbòǹgbò èdè Indo-European fún "ìmísí" (bíi "agbára fún ìyè"), wọ́n sì tan mọ́ (òrìṣà abọ̀rìṣà) àti Gothic: anses.[122]:49–50

Ẹgbẹ́ mìíràn ti àwọn òrìṣà tí a rí nínú ìtàn àròsọ Norse ni wọ́n ń pè ní Vanir, wọ́n sì ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìbísí. Æsir àti Vanir lọ sí ogun, gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn orísun Nordic ṣe sọ. Ìròyìn inú Ynglinga saga ṣàpèjúwe bí Ogun Æsir–Vanir ṣe parí sí àdéhùn ìparí ogun (truce) àti ìlàjà gbogbo rẹ̀ láàrin àwọn méjèèjì sí ẹgbẹ́ òrìṣà kan ṣoṣo, lẹ́hìn tí àwọn ẹgbẹ́ méjèèjì ti yan àlàáfíà, tí wọ́n ti fi àwọn aṣojú (àwọn ìgbèkùn) ránṣẹ́ síra wọn, [123]:181 wọ́n sì fẹ́ ara wọn láàrin ìdílé.[122]:52–53[124]

Ìtàn àròsọ Norse ṣàpèjúwe ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ lẹ́yìn ogun náà, àti àwọn ìyàtọ̀ láàrin Æsir àti Vanir tí ẹ̀gbẹ́ kejì kà sí ohun ìwọ̀sí.[123]:181 Òrìṣà obìnrin Freyja láti Vanir kọ́ Æsir ní idán, nígbà tí àwọn ẹgbẹ́ méjèèjì ṣàwárí pé, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé Æsir kà á léèwọ̀ láti máa bára wọn sùn láàrin àwọn ọmọ ìyá tàbí ẹbí tímọ́tímọ́, Vanir gbà irú ìbálòpọ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀.[123]:181[125][126]

Àwọn tẹ́mpìlì tí wọ́n ń kó àwọn àwòrán àwọn òrìṣà Jẹmánì (bíi Thor, Odin àti Freyr) sí, àti àwọn ìbọ òrìṣà, tẹ̀síwájú ní Scandinavia títí di ọ̀rúndún kejìlá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn ìwé ìtàn ṣe sọ.Wọ́n ti gbèrò pé bí àkókò ti ń lọ, wọ́n fi àwọn àwòrán Kristẹni rọ́pò àwọn òrìṣà Jẹmánì láti lè ran ìṣẹ́gun abọ̀rìṣà lọ́wọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ara ìgbàgbọ́ Kristẹni tí wọ́n fi múlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn ènìyàn Jẹmánì.[123]:187–188 Ìbọ àwọn òrìṣà Jẹmánì ti tún padà dìde ní àsìkò òde òní gẹ́gẹ́ bí ara ẹ̀sìn tuntun Heathenry.[127]

Greek

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Lori òrò ofin, [Zeus], oba awon olorun ninu [esin Giriki igbaani], ti a fihan lori stater goolu kan lati [Lampsacus] (ti o to ni c. 360–340 BCE) je ọkunrin ti o ni irungbọn tí o si wọ ade ewe igi daphne (laurel wreath).
Aworan Corinthian black-figure plaque ti Poseidon, olori olorun okun Giriki (c. 550–525 BCE), fihan Poseidon ti o duro ti o si n mu orita onigi mẹta (trident) mu.
Lori aworan Attic white-ground red-figured kylix ti Aphrodite, olori olorun ifẹ Giriki, (c. 460–470 BCE), a fihan Aphrodite ti o joko si ẹgbẹ lori ewure (tabi swan) ti ń fo, ti o si n mu eso ododo kan mu ni ọwọ rẹ.
Àwòrán Bust of Athena, olori olorun ọgbọ́n àti ogun ni ilẹ̀ Giriki, tí wọ́n yàwòrán rẹ̀ láti inú ère ìgbẹ́hàn ti Kresilas ní Athens (c. 425 BCE), jẹ́ àwòrán orí àti àyà obìnrin kan tí ó ní ewíwú ọwọ́, tí ó sì wọ àṣíborí Corinthian kan.

Àwọn Gíríìkì ìgbàanì bọ àwọn ọlọ́run àti ọlọ́runbìnrin pẹ̀lú ọ̀wọ̀.[128] Wọ́n ń bọ àwọn wọ̀nyí lọ títí di ọ̀rúndún àkọ́kọ́ ti ìgbà ayé onílànà, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn òrìṣà Gíríìkì sì fún àwọn ará Róòmù ní ìmísí tí wọ́n sì gba wọ́n sí ara pápá ìbọra tí ó tún gbòòrò sí i tiwọn.[129]:91–97 Èsìn àwọn Gíríìkì jẹ́ ti ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọlọ́run (polytheistic), ṣùgbọ́n kò ní ilé ìjọsìn àpapọ̀ kan, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò ní àwọn ìwé mímọ́ kan pàtó.[129]:91–97 The deities were largely associated with myths and they represented natural phenomena or aspects of human behavior.[128][129]:91–97

Several Greek deities probably trace back to more ancient Indo-European traditions, since the gods and goddesses found in distant cultures are mythologically comparable and are cognates.[32]:230–231[130]:15–19 Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, for instance, is cognate to Indic Ushas, Roman Aurora and Latvian Auseklis.[32]:230–232 Zeus, the Greek king of gods, is cognate to Latin Iūpiter, Old German Ziu, and Indic Dyaus, with whom he shares similar mythologies.[32]:230–232[131] Other deities, such as Aphrodite, originated from the Near East.[132][133][134][135]

Greek deities varied locally, but many shared panhellenic themes, celebrated similar festivals, rites, and ritual grammar.[136] The most important deities in the Greek pantheon were the Twelve Olympians: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hermes, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, and Ares.[130]:125–170 Other important Greek deities included Hestia, Hades and Heracles.[129]:96–97 These deities later inspired the Dii Consentes galaxy of Roman deities.[129]:96–97

Besides the Olympians, the Greeks also worshipped various local deities.[130]:170–181[137] Among these were the goat-legged god Pan (the guardian of shepherds and their flocks), Nymphs (nature spirits associated with particular landforms), Naiads (who dwelled in springs), Dryads (who were spirits of the trees), Nereids (who inhabited the sea), river gods, satyrs (a class of lustful male nature spirits), and others. The dark powers of the underworld were represented by the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives.[137]

The Greek deities, like those in many other Indo-European traditions, were anthropomorphic. Walter Burkert describes them as "persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts".[130]:182 They had fantastic abilities and powers; each had some unique expertise and, in some aspects, a specific and flawed personality.[138]:52 They were not omnipotent and could be injured in some circumstances.[139] Greek deities led to cults, were used politically and inspired votive offerings for favors such as bountiful crops, healthy family, victory in war, or peace for a loved one recently deceased.[129]:94–95[140]

Roman

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: List of Roman deities, Roman mythology, Religion in ancient Rome, àti Capitoline Triad
4th-century Roman sarcophagus depicting the creation of man by Prometheus, with major Roman deities Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury, Juno, Apollo, Vulcan watching

The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek.[129]:96–97 The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules.[129]:96–97[141] The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient).[129]:96–97[142] Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in the Minoan or ancient Egyptian civilization.[143][144][145]

The Roman deities, in a manner similar to the ancient Greeks, inspired community festivals, rituals and sacrifices led by flamines (priests, pontifs), but priestesses (Vestal Virgins) were also held in high esteem for maintaining sacred fire used in the votive rituals for deities.[129]:100–101 Deities were also maintained in home shrines (lararium), such as Hestia honored in homes as the goddess of fire hearth.[129]:100–101[146] This Roman religion held reverence for sacred fire, and this is also found in Hebrew culture (Leviticus 6), Vedic culture's Homa, ancient Greeks and other cultures.[146]

Ancient Roman scholars such as Varro and Cicero wrote treatises on the nature of gods of their times.[147] Varro stated, in his Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum, that it is the superstitious man who fears the gods, while the truly religious person venerates them as parents.[147] Cicero, in his Academica, praised Varro for this and other insights.[147] According to Varro, there have been three accounts of deities in the Roman society: the mythical account created by poets for theatre and entertainment, the civil account used by people for veneration as well as by the city, and the natural account created by the philosophers.[148] The best state is, adds Varro, where the civil theology combines the poetic mythical account with the philosopher's.[148] The Roman deities continued to be revered in Europe through the era of Constantine, and past 313 CE when he issued the Edict of Toleration.[138]:118–120

Native American

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Inca

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Inti Raymi, a winter solstice festival of the Inca people, reveres Inti, the sun deity—offerings include round bread and maize beer.
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Inca mythology, Religion in the Inca Empire, àti Inca religion in Cusco

The Inca culture has believed in Viracocha (also called Pachacutec) as the creator deity.[149]:27–30[150]:726–729 Viracocha has been an abstract deity to Inca culture, one who existed before he created space and time.[151] All other deities of the Inca people have corresponded to elements of nature.[149][150]:726–729 Of these, the most important ones have been Inti (sun deity) responsible for agricultural prosperity and as the father of the first Inca king, and Mama Qucha the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters.[149] Inti in some mythologies is the son of Viracocha and Mama Qucha.[149][152]

Inca Sun deity festival

Oh creator and Sun and Thunder,
be forever copious,
do not make us old,
let all things be at peace,
multiply the people,
and let there be food,
and let all things be fruitful.

—Inti Raymi prayers[153]

Inca people have revered many male and female deities. Among the feminine deities have been Mama Kuka (goddess of joy), Mama Ch'aska (goddess of dawn), Mama Allpa (goddess of harvest and earth, sometimes called Mama Pacha or Pachamama), Mama Killa (moon goddess) and Mama Sara (goddess of grain).[152][149]:31–32 During and after the imposition of Christianity during Spanish colonialism, the Inca people retained their original beliefs in deities through syncretism, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices.[154][155][156] The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around Inca deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Inca people.[156][157]

Maya and Aztec

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: List of Maya gods and supernatural beings, Maya religion, List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings, àti Aztec mythology

In Maya culture, Kukulkan has been the supreme creator deity, also revered as the god of reincarnation, water, fertility and wind.[150]:797–798 The Maya people built step pyramid temples to honor Kukulkan, aligning them to the Sun's position on the spring equinox.[150]:843–844 Other deities found at Maya archaeological sites include Xib Chac—the benevolent male rain deity, and Ixchel—the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess.[150]:843–844 The Maya calendar had 18 months, each with 20 days (and five unlucky days of Uayeb); each month had a presiding deity, who inspired social rituals, special trading markets and community festivals.[157]

Quetzalcoatl in the Codex Borgia

A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called Quetzalcoatl.[150]:797–798 However, states Timothy Insoll, the Aztec ideas of deity remain poorly understood. What has been assumed is based on what was constructed by Christian missionaries. The deity concept was likely more complex than these historical records.[158] In Aztec culture, there were hundred of deities, but many were henotheistic incarnations of one another (similar to the avatar concept of Hinduism). Unlike Hinduism and other cultures, Aztec deities were usually not anthropomorphic, and were instead zoomorphic or hybrid icons associated with spirits, natural phenomena or forces.[158][159] The Aztec deities were often represented through ceramic figurines, revered in home shrines.[158][160]

Polynesian

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Deities of Polynesia carved from wood (bottom two are demons)
Àyọkà olórí: Polynesian narrative

The Polynesian people developed a theology centered on numerous deities, with clusters of islands having different names for the same idea. There are great deities found across the Pacific Ocean. Some deities are found widely, and there are many local deities whose worship is limited to one or a few islands or sometimes to isolated villages on the same island.[161]:5–6

The Māori people, of what is now New Zealand, called the supreme being as Io, who is also referred elsewhere as Iho-Iho, Io-Mataaho, Io Nui, Te Io Ora, Io Matua Te Kora among other names.[162]:239 The Io deity has been revered as the original uncreated creator, with power of life, with nothing outside or beyond him.[162]:239Other deities in the Polynesian pantheon include Tangaloa (god who created men),[161]:37–38 La'a Maomao (god of winds), Tu-Matauenga or Ku (god of war), Tu-Metua (mother goddess), Kane (god of procreation) and Rangi (sky god father).[162]:261, 284, 399, 476

The Polynesian deities have been part of a sophisticated theology, addressing questions of creation, the nature of existence, guardians in daily lives as well as during wars, natural phenomena, good and evil spirits, priestly rituals, as well as linked to the journey of the souls of the dead.[161]:6–14, 37–38, 113, 323

Abrahamic

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Christianity

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Holy Trinity (1756–1758) by Szymon Czechowicz, showing God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit, all of whom are revered in Christianity as a single deity
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: God in Christianity, Trinity, God the Father, God the Son, Jesus in Christianity, Holy Spirit in Christianity, Names of God in Christianity, àti Christian theology

Christianity is a monotheistic religion in which most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy Trinity.[163]:233–234 Modern orthodox Christians believe that the Trinity is composed of three equal, cosubstantial persons: God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[163]:233–234 The first person to describe the persons of the Trinity as homooúsios (ὁμοούσιος; "of the same substance") was the Church Father Origen.[164] Although most early Christian theologians (including Origen) were Subordinationists,[165] who believed that the Father was superior to the Son and the Son superior to the Holy Spirit,[164][166][167] this belief was condemned as heretical by the First Council of Nicaea in the fourth century, which declared that all three persons of the Trinity are equal.[165] Christians regard the universe as an element in God's actualization[163]:273 and the Holy Spirit is seen as the divine essence that is "the unity and relation of the Father and the Son".[163]:273 According to George Hunsinger, the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church, wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the Christian cross as his icon.[163]:296

The theological examination of Jesus Christ, of divine grace in incarnation, his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic. For example, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE declared that in "one person Jesus Christ, fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united, the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused".[168] Jesus Christ, according to the New Testament, is the self-disclosure of the one, true God, both in his teaching and in his person; Christ, in Christian faith, is considered the incarnation of God.[41]:4, 29[169][170]

Islam

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Allah, Ilah, God in Islam, àti Names of God in Islam

Ilah, Àdàkọ:Transliteration (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; plural: آلهة Àdàkọ:Transliteration), is an Arabic word meaning "god".[171][172] It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as Allah (Àdàkọ:Transliteration).[173][174][175] which literally means "the god" in Arabic.[171][172] Islam is strictly monotheistic[176] and the first statement of the shahada, or Muslim confession of faith, is that "there is no Àdàkọ:Transliteration (deity) but Allah (God)",[177] who is perfectly unified and utterly indivisible.[176][177][178]

The term Allah is used by Muslims for God. The Persian word Khuda (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) can be translated as god, lord or king, and is also used today to refer to God in Islam by Persian, Urdu, Tat and Kurdish speakers. The Turkic word for god is Tengri; it exists as Tanrı in Turkish.

Judaism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
The tetragrammaton in Phoenician (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: God in Judaism, Yahweh, Tetragrammaton, Elohim, àti Names of God in Judaism

Judaism affirms the existence of one God (Yahweh, or YHWH), who is not abstract, but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile.[41]:4 Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose, was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century "Second Isaiah", and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology.[41]:4

The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry.[179] However, states Breslauer, modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith, and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life.[179] The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era, while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism.[179][180]Àdàkọ:Page needed

According to Aryeh Kaplan, God is always referred to as "He" in Judaism, "not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God", but because "there is no neuter in the Hebrew language, and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun" as he "is an active rather than a passive creative force".[181]

Mandaeism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àyọkà olórí: Hayyi Rabbi
Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: Mandaeism

In Mandaeism, Hayyi Rabbi (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God',[182] is the supreme God from which all things emanate. He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, Yushamin emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life."[183] "The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of the only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created Adam and Eve, the first man and woman."[184] Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.[185]

Asian

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Anitism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Left: Bakunawa depicted in a Bisaya sword hilt; Right: Ifugao rice deity statues
Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: Indigenous Philippine folk religions, Philippine mythology, àti List of Philippine mythological figures

Anitism, composed of an array of indigenous religions from the Philippines, has multiple pantheons of deities. There are more than a hundred different ethnic groups in the Philippines, each having their own supreme deity or deities. Each supreme deity or deities normally rules over a pantheon of deities, contributing to the sheer diversity of deities in Anitism.[186]The supreme deity or deities of ethnic groups are almost always the most notable.[186]

For example, Bathala is the Tagalog supreme deity,[187] Mangechay is the Kapampangan supreme deity,[188] Malayari is the Sambal supreme deity,[189] Melu is the Blaan supreme deity,[190] Kaptan is the Bisaya supreme deity,[191] and so on.

Buddhism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Left: Buddhist deity in Ssangbongsa in South Korea; Right: Chinese deity adopted into Buddhism
Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: Creator in Buddhism àti Buddhist deities

Although Buddhists do not believe in a creator deity,[192] deities are an essential part of Buddhist teachings about cosmology, rebirth, and saṃsāra.[192] Buddhist deities (such as devas and bodhisattvas) are believed to reside in a pleasant, heavenly realm within Buddhist cosmology, which is typically subdivided into twenty six sub-realms.[193][192][10]:35

Devas are numerous, but they are still mortal;[193] they live in the heavenly realm, then die and are reborn like all other beings.[193] A rebirth in the heavenly realm is believed to be the result of leading an ethical life and accumulating very good karma.[193] A deva does not need to work, and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on Earth. However, the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment (upādāna), lack of spiritual pursuits, and therefore no nirvana.[10]:37 Nonetheless, according to Kevin Trainor, the vast majority of Buddhist lay people in countries practicing Theravada have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices because they are motivated by their potential rebirth into the deva realm.[193][194][195] The deva realm in Buddhist practice in Southeast Asia and East Asia, states Keown, include gods found in Hindu traditions such as Indra and Brahma, and concepts in Hindu cosmology such as Mount Meru.[10]:37–38

Mahayana Buddhism also includes different kinds of deities, such as numerous Buddhas, bodhisattvas and fierce deities.

Hinduism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Left: Ganesha god of new beginnings, remover of obstacle; Right: Saraswati, goddess of knowledge and music
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Hindu deities, Deva (Hinduism), Devi, God in Hinduism, Ishvara, àti Bhagavan

The concept of God varies in Hinduism, it being a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning henotheism, monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism and monism among others.[196][197]

In the ancient Vedic texts of Hinduism, a deity is often referred to as Deva (god) or Devi (goddess).[33]:496[35] The root of these terms mean "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence".[33]:492[35] Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is devi. In the earliest Vedic literature, all supernatural beings are called Asuras.[198]:5–11, 22, 99–102[33]:121 Over time, those with a benevolent nature become deities and are referred to as Sura, Deva or Devi.[198]:2–6[199]

Devas or deities in Hindu texts differ from Greek or Roman theodicy, states Ray Billington, because many Hindu traditions believe that a human being has the potential to be reborn as a deva (or devi), by living an ethical life and building up saintly karma.[200] Such a deva enjoys heavenly bliss, till the merit runs out, and then the soul is reborn again into Saṃsāra. Thus deities are henotheistic manifestations, embodiments and consequence of the virtuous, the noble, the saint-like living in many Hindu traditions.[200]

Shinto

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àyọkà olórí: Shinto

Shinto is polytheistic, involving the veneration of many deities known as kami,Àdàkọ:Sfnm or sometimes as jingi.Àdàkọ:Sfnm In Japanese, no distinction is made here between singular and plural, and hence the term kami refers both to individual kami and the collective group of kami.Àdàkọ:Sfnm Although lacking a direct English translation,[201] the term kami has sometimes been rendered as "god" or "spirit".Àdàkọ:Sfnm The historian of religion Joseph Kitagawa deemed these English translations "quite unsatisfactory and misleading",[202] and various scholars urge against translating kami into English.Àdàkọ:Sfnm In Japanese, it is often said that there are eight million kami, a term which connotes an infinite number,Àdàkọ:Sfnm and Shinto practitioners believe that they are present everywhere.[203] They are not regarded as omnipotent, omniscient, or necessarily immortal.Àdàkọ:Sfnm

Taoism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: Taoism, Chinese mythology, àti Chinese gods and immortals

Taoism is a polytheistic religion. The gods and immortals（神仙） believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian" (immortals). Among them,"Gods" are also called deities and there are many kinds, that is, god of heaven（天神), god of ground（地祇), wuling（物灵: animism, the spirit of all things), god of netherworld（地府神灵), god of human body（人体之神), god of human ghost（人鬼之神）etc. Among these "gods" such as god of heaven（天神), god of ground（地祇), god of netherworld（阴府神灵), god of human body（人体之神） are innate beings.In China, "gods" are often referred to together with "xian". "Xian" (immortals) is acquired the cultivation of the Tao，persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.[204]

Jainism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Padmavati, a Jain guardian deity
Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: God in Jainism àti Deva (Jainism)

Jainism does not believe in a creator, omnipotent, omniscient, eternal God; however, the cosmology of Jainism incorporates a meaningful causality-driven reality, including four realms of existence (gati), one of them being deva (celestial beings, gods).[11]:351–357 A human being can choose and live an ethical life, such as being non-violent (ahimsa) against all living beings, and thereby gain merit and be reborn as deva.[11]:357–358[205]

Jain texts reject a trans-cosmic God, one who stands outside of the universe and lords over it, but they state that the world is full of devas who are in human-image with sensory organs, with the power of reason, conscious, compassionate and with finite life.[11]:356–357 Jainism believes in the existence of the soul (Self, atman) and considers it to have "god-quality", whose knowledge and liberation is the ultimate spiritual goal in both religions. Jains also believe that the spiritual nobleness of perfected souls (Jina) and devas make them worship-worthy beings, with powers of guardianship and guidance to better karma. In Jain temples or festivals, the Jinas and Devas are revered.[11]:356–357[206]

Zoroastrianism

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Investiture of Sassanid emperor Shapur II (center) with Mithra (left) and Ahura Mazda (right) at Taq-e Bostan, Iran
Àyọkà olórí: Ahura Mazda

Ahura Mazda ( /əˌhʊrəˌmæzdə/);[207] is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism.[208] The literal meaning of the word Ahura is "mighty" or "lord" and Mazda is wisdom.[208] Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, taught that Ahura Mazda is the most powerful being in all of the existence[209] and the only deity who is worthy of the highest veneration.[209] Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is not omnipotent because his evil twin brother Angra Mainyu is nearly as powerful as him.[209] Zoroaster taught that the daevas were evil spirits created by Angra Mainyu to sow evil in the world[209] and that all people must choose between the goodness of Ahura Mazda and the evil of Angra Mainyu.[209] According to Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda will eventually defeat Angra Mainyu and good will triumph over evil once and for all.[209] Ahura Mazda was the most important deity in the ancient Achaemenid Empire.[210] He was originally represented anthropomorphically,[208] but, by the end of the Sasanian Empire, Zoroastrianism had become fully aniconic.[208]

Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  1. ↑ "god". Cambridge Dictionary. 
  2. ↑ "Definition of GOD". www.merriam-webster.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 2023-02-27. 
  3. ↑ Stevenson, Angus (2010) (in en). Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  4. ↑ Littleton, C. Scott (2005) (in en). Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-7614-7559-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=3ufSStXPECkC&pg=PA378. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  5. ↑ Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo; Vriezen, Karel (2001) (in en). Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. London: New York. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-567-23212-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=eMneBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189. Retrieved 28 June 2017. "The Christian tradition is, in imitation of Judaism, a monotheistic religion. This implies that believers accept the existence of only one God. Other deities either do not exist, are considered inferior, are seen as the product of human imagination, or are dismissed as remnants of a persistent paganism" 
  6. ↑ Korte, Anne-Marie; Haardt, Maaike De (2009) (in en). The Boundaries of Monotheism: Interdisciplinary Explorations Into the Foundations of Western Monotheism. Brill. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-04-17316-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=-53d1iRsqDEC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  7. ↑ Brown, Jeannine K. (2007) (in en). Scripture as Communication: Introducing Biblical Hermeneutics. Baker Academic. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8010-2788-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5QJjyGoxEzkC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012) (in en). The Routledge Companion to Theism. Routledge. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-136-33823-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Reat, N. Ross; Perry, Edmund F. (1991) (in en). A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-521-33159-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Keown
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bullivant
  12. ↑ Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2010). A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion. A&C Black. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-4411-1197-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=78962vlrCDcC&pg=PA98. 
  13. ↑ Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–474. ISBN 978-0-521-82245-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hood, Robert Earl (1990). Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk. Fortress Press. pp. 128–29. ISBN 978-1-4514-1726-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceFU75KyYQC&pg=PA128. "African people may describe their deities as strong, but not omnipotent; wise but not omniscient; old but not eternal; great but not omnipresent (...)" 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 441–42. ISBN 978-0-521-82245-9. https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig. "[Historically...] people perceived far fewer differences between themselves and the gods than the adherents of modern monotheistic religions. Deities were not thought to be omniscient or omnipotent and were rarely believed to be changeless or eternal" 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Murdoch, John (1861). English Translations of Select Tracts, Published in India: With an Introd. Containing Lists of the Tracts in Each Language. Graves. pp. 141–42. https://books.google.com/books?id=IHQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA141. "We [monotheists] find by reason and revelation that God is omniscient, omnipotent, most holy, etc., but the Hindu deities possess none of those attributes. It is mentioned in their Shastras that their deities were all vanquished by the Asurs, while they fought in the heavens, and for fear of whom they left their abodes. This plainly shows that they are not omnipotent." 
  17. ↑ Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2004) (in en). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. p. 655. ISBN 978-1-135-96315-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OBrien2
  19. ↑ Bonnefoy, Yves (1992) (in en). Roman and European Mythologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 274–75. ISBN 978-0-226-06455-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf2_kHAs22sC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  20. ↑ Pintchman, Tracy (2014) (in en). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. SUNY Press. pp. 1–2, 19–20. ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  21. ↑ Roberts, Nathaniel (2016) (in en). To Be Cared For: The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum. University of California Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-520-96363-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=UVPQCwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Malandra, William W. (1983) (in en). An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-8166-1115-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=nZQMrjukmboC&pg=PA9. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Fløistad, Guttorm (2010) (in en). Volume 10: Philosophy of Religion (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media B.V.. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-90-481-3527-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=BclABayC1QQC&pg=PA19. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  24. ↑ Potts, Daniel T. (1997). Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations (st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 272–274. ISBN 978-0-8014-3339-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OdZS9gBu4KwC&pg=PA272. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  25. ↑ Potter, Karl H. (2014) (in en). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3: Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils. Princeton University Press. pp. 272–74. ISBN 978-1-4008-5651-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydf_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  26. ↑ Olivelle, Patrick (2006) (in en). The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation.. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-536137-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC&pg=PA47. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  27. ↑ Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008) (in en). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. London: Routledge. pp. 899–900. ISBN 978-1-135-18979-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA899. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  28. ↑ Hoad, T. F. (2008) (in en). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Paw Prints. ISBN 978-1-4395-0571-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=CDaPuAAACAAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  29. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary – Deity". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary – Deva". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Online Etymology Dictionary – Zeus". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallory
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Monier-Williams
  34. ↑ Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna M. (1998). Devī: Goddesses of India (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2, 18–21. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&pg=PA2. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA101. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006) (in en). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 418–23. ISBN 978-0-19-928791-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA418. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "Online Etymology Dictionary –\ God". Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Pearsall, Judy (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary Of English (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1341. ISBN 978-0-19-861263-6. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Edwards, Paul (1967). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan. p. 34. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Strazny, Philipp (2013) (in en). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Routledge. p. 1046. ISBN 978-1-135-45522-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Owen
  42. ↑ Gupta, Bina; Gupta, Professor of Philosophy and Director South Asia Language Area Center Bina (2012). An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom. Routledge. pp. 21–25. ISBN 978-1-136-65310-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=-WepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21. 
  43. ↑ Gupta, Bina (2012). An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88–96. ISBN 978-1-136-65309-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=2mmpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88. 
  44. ↑ Cohen, Signe (2008). Text and Authority in the Older Upaniṣads. Brill. pp. 40, 219–220, 243–244. ISBN 978-90-474-3363-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=dUKwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40. 
  45. ↑ Fowler, Jeaneane (1997) (in en). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 10, 17–18, 114–118, 132–133, 149. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C&pg=PA10. Retrieved 28 June 2017. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  46. ↑ Choon Kim, Yong; Freeman, David H. (1981) (in en). Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams and Company. pp. 15–19. ISBN 978-0-8226-0365-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC&pg=PA15. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  47. ↑ "the definition of theism". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "theism". Merriam-Webster (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Libbrecht, Ulrich (2007). Within the Four Seas: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy. Peeters Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-429-1812-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC&pg=PA42. 
  50. ↑ Monotheism Archived 29 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. and Polytheism Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine., Encyclopædia Britannica;
    Louis Shores (1963). Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index. Crowell-Collier Publishing. p. 179. https://books.google.com/books?id=E2maKFG4CpMC. Retrieved 29 January 2018. , Quote: "While admitting a plurality of gods, henotheism at the same time affirms the paramount position of some one divine principle."
  51. ↑ Rangar Cline (2011). Ancient Angels: Conceptualizing Angeloi in the Roman Empire. Brill Academic. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-90-04-19453-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=-pZHD6JtR_sC. Retrieved 29 January 2018. 
  52. ↑ Eakin, Frank Jr. (1971). The Religion and Culture of Israel. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 70. , Quote: "Monolatry: The recognition of the existence of many gods but the consistent worship of one deity".
  53. ↑ McConkie, Bruce R. (1979), Mormon Doctrine (2nd ed.), Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft, p. 351 
  54. ↑ Monotheism. Hutchinson Encyclopedia (12th edition). p. 644. 
  55. ↑ Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  56. ↑ Wainwright, William (2013). "Monotheism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ Van Baaren, Theodorus P. "Monotheism". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ "monotheism". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ "monotheism". Merriam-Webster (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ "monotheism". Cambridge English Dictionary (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted (editor). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Beck, Guy L. (2005). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 169, note 11. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1. 
  63. ↑ Williams, George M. (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–35. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. 
  64. ↑ Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A. (1999). "Deism". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018. In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  65. ↑ Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). "DEISM". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. DEISM: A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  66. ↑ Kurian, George Thomas (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-67060-6. "Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The Deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement." 
  67. ↑ Thomsett, Michael C. (2011). Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History. Jefferson: McFarland & Co.. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-7864-8539-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LDbhV7u1_yIC. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  68. ↑ Wilson, Ellen Judy; Reill, Peter Hanns (2004). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File. pp. 146–158. ISBN 978-0-8160-5335-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=t1pQ4YG-TDIC. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  69. ↑ Sal Restivo (2021). "The End of God and the Beginning of Inquiry". Society and the Death of God. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-3676-3764-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ST4oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123. Retrieved 25 April 2021. "In the pandeism argument, an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God creates the universe and in the process becomes the universe and loses his powers to intervene in human affairs." 
  70. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2005) (in en). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA21. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  71. ↑ Borchert, Donald M. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6. "In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not." 
  72. ↑ Craig, Edward; Floridi, Luciano (1998) (in en). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&pg=PA122. Retrieved 22 January 2018. "In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational." 
  73. ↑ . Oxford University Press. 2012. "agnostic. : A. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : B. adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. agnosticism n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.". 
  74. ↑ Draper, Paul (2017). "Atheism and Agnosticism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/#1. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  75. ↑ Mellaart, James (1967). Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. McGraw-Hill. pp. 181. 
  76. ↑ A typical assessment: "A terracotta statuette of a seated (mother) goddess giving birth with each hand on the head of a leopard or panther from Çatalhöyük (dated around 6000 B.C.E.)" (Sarolta A. Takács, "Cybele and Catullus' Attis", in Eugene N. Lane, Cybele, Attis and related cults: essays in memory of M.J. Vermaseren 1996:376.
  77. ↑ Brooks, Philip (2012) (in en). The Story of Prehistoric Peoples. New York: Rosen Central. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-4488-4790-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=exY3ViA3sSQC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2006) (in en). Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-520-25005-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=mb_her-hd9YC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 Lesure, Richard G. (2017). Insoll, Timothy. ed. The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 978-0-19-967561-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=TdKdDgAAQBAJ&q=prehistoric+deities&pg=PA55. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Murphy, Joseph M.; Sanford, Mei-Mei (2002) (in en). Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0-253-10863-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XIx0TjQb8yEC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Barnes, Sandra T. (1997) (in en). Africa's Ogun: Old World and New (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. ix–x, 1–3, 59, 132–134, 199–200. ISBN 978-0-253-21083-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=8OWjkR-1btMC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  82. ↑ Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2007) (in en). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 843–44. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  83. ↑ Andrews, Tamra (2000) (in en). Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-19-513677-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  84. ↑ Barnard, Alan (2001) (in en). Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88, 153–155, 252–256. ISBN 978-0-521-42865-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lynch
  86. ↑ Makward, Edris; Lilleleht, Mark; Saber, Ahmed (2004) (in en). North-south Linkages and Connections in Continental and Diaspora African Literatures. Trenton, NJ: Africa World. pp. 302–04. ISBN 978-1-59221-157-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=zGUcI99zssYC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pinch
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wilkinson1
  89. ↑ Allen, James P. (Jul–Aug 1999). "Monotheism: The Egyptian Roots". Archaeology Odyssey 2 (3): 44–54, 59. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Johnston
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Baines
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Assmann
  93. ↑ Allen, James P. (2001). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-521-77483-3. 
  94. ↑ Dunand, Françoise; Zivie-Coche, Christiane; Lorton, David (2004). Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8014-8853-5. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hart
  96. ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (1999). Early dynastic Egypt (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-0-415-18633-9. 
  97. ↑ Traunecker, Claude; Lorton, David (2001). The Gods of Egypt (1st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8014-3834-9. https://archive.org/details/godsofegypt00trau/page/29. 
  98. ↑ Shafer, Byron E.; Baines, John; Lesko, Leonard H.; Silverman, David P. (1991). Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8014-9786-5. 
  99. ↑ 99.00 99.01 99.02 99.03 99.04 99.05 99.06 99.07 99.08 99.09 99.10 99.11 Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-6830-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan (2nd ed.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=G49SJI183IkC. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA28. 
  102. ↑ Albertz, Rainer (1994). A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-664-22719-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA89. 
  103. ↑ Miller, Patrick D (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-664-21262-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA110. 
  104. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L. (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism. A&C Black. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-567-55248-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC. 
  105. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Niehr
  106. ↑ Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). "Monotheism". In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C.. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 917. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA917=bible%20monotheism%20Betz. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.5 107.6 107.7 107.8 Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony; Rickards, Tessa (1998). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (2nd ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  108. ↑ Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (1988) (in en). Altyn-Depe. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-934718-54-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=QQMzQ_k3ty0C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6. https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/179. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu. 
  111. ↑ Leick, Gwendolyn (1998). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-415-19811-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=c52EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  112. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wolkstein
  113. ↑ Harris, Rivkah (February 1991). "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites". History of Religions 30 (3): 261–78. doi:10.1086/463228. 
  114. ↑ "Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Anšar and Kišar (god and goddess)". Oracc. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  115. ↑ Leeming, David (2005) (in en). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-0-19-028888-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  116. ↑ "Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Marduk (god)". Oracc. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  117. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VDT
  118. ↑ Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan (2000) (in en). Dictionary of the ancient Near East. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8122-2115-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=V9QrPMN1C4EC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  119. ↑ "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gudą". Wiktionary (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 24 October 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  120. ↑ "áss". Wiktionary (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 3 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  121. ↑ "ásynja". Wiktionary (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lindow
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Warner
  124. ↑ Gimbutas, Marija; Dexter, Miriam Robbins (2001) (in en). The Living Goddesses (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 191–196. ISBN 978-0-520-22915-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=7DfI39EDbMcC. 
  125. ↑ Christensen, Lisbeth Bredholt; Hammer, Olav; Warburton, David (2014) (in en). The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe. Routledge. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-1-317-54453-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=rl5_BAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  126. ↑ Oosten, Jarich G. (2015) (in en). The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-317-55584-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=5w_wBgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  127. ↑ Horrell, Thad N. (2012). "Heathenry as a Postcolonial Movement". The Journal of Religion, Identity, and Politics 1 (1): 1. https://submissions.scholasticahq.com/supporting_files/5682/attachment_versions/5685. 
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Martin, Thomas R. (2013) (in en). Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-300-16005-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=iyFaMmr4hFwC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  129. ↑ 129.00 129.01 129.02 129.03 129.04 129.05 129.06 129.07 129.08 129.09 129.10 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gagarin
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Burkert
  131. ↑ West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–173. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. 
  132. ↑ Breitenberger, Barbara (2005). Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology. New York: Routledge. pp. 8–12. ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFePRxm1jAC&pg=PA10. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  133. ↑ Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite. New York: Routledge. pp. 59–52. ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkCAphrodite. Retrieved 22 January 2018. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  134. ↑ Puhvel, Jaan (1989). Comparative Mythology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8018-3938-2. 
  135. ↑ Marcovich, Miroslav (1996). "From Ishtar to Aphrodite". Journal of Aesthetic Education 39 (2): 43–59. doi:10.2307/3333191. JSTOR 3333191. 
  136. ↑ Flensted-Jensen, Pernille (2000) (in en). Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-3-515-07607-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=uK8szXLlvjoC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Pollard, John Ricard Thornhill; Adkins, A.W.H. (19 September 1998). "Greek religion". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Campbell
  139. ↑ Stoll, Heinrich Wilhelm (1852) (in en). Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks. p. 3. https://books.google.com/books?id=UWoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=4. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  140. ↑ Garland, Robert (1992) (in en). Introducing New Gods: The Politics of Athenian Religion. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-8014-2766-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ne-bCX_DaUC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  141. ↑ Long, Charlotte R. (1987) (in en). The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome. Brill Archive. pp. 232–243. ISBN 978-90-04-07716-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  142. ↑ Woodard, Roger (2013) (in en). Myth, ritual, and the warrior in Roman and Indo-European antiquity (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26, 93–96, 194–196. ISBN 978-1-107-02240-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=VkXlcVMP_dQC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  143. ↑ Ruiz, Angel (2013) (in en). Poetic Language and Religion in Greece and Rome. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-4438-5565-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=yGUxBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  144. ↑ Mysliwiec, Karol; Lorton, David (2000) (in en). The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E. (1st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-8014-8630-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dJycxuhvS8UC. 
  145. ↑ Todd, Malcolm (2004) (in en). The Early Germans (2nd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-1-4051-3756-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 Kristensen, f. (1960) (in en). The Meaning of Religion Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 138. ISBN 978-94-017-6580-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Walsh, P.G. (1997) (in en). The Nature of the Gods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxvi. ISBN 978-0-19-162314-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=JhQ4aXatR08C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Barfield, Raymond (2011) (in en). The Ancient Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-139-49709-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=PY9FbnNhdDUC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 149.4 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Roza
  150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 150.5 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Littleton
  151. ↑ Kolata, Alan L. (2013) (in en). Ancient Inca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-521-86900-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RpELeDbp7BQC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Sherman, Josepha (2015) (in en). Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Routledge. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-317-45938-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n2-sBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  153. ↑ Parker, Janet; Stanton, Julie (2006) (in en). Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-77007-453-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=p7dR2w1Wv2sC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  154. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010) (in en). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 2243–2244. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  155. ↑ Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano; Spliesgart, Roland (2007) (in en). A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990: A Documentary Sourcebook. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-0-8028-2889-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=dbq6fkyp698C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 Kuznar, Lawrence A. (2001) (in en). Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America: Contributions to Archaeological Method and Theory. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-1-879621-29-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=88R8AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 Fagan, Brian M.; Beck, Charlotte (2006) (in en). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 345. ISBN 978-0-19-507618-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA345. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 Insoll, Timothy (2011) (in en). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 563–567. ISBN 978-0-19-923244-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=U4_ylNNHBy4C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  159. ↑ Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014) (in en). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. pp. 373–375. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=kmFhBQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  160. ↑ Faust, Katherine A.; Richter, Kim N. (2015) (in en). The Huasteca: Culture, History, and Interregional Exchange. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-8061-4957-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=f5j_BwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 161.2 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Williamson
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Coulter
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Emery
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 La Due, William J. (2003). Trinity Guide to the Trinity. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-56338-395-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC&q=Origen+Trinity&pg=PA37. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Badcock, Gary D. (1997), Light of Truth and Fire of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit, Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-8028-4288-6, archived from the original on 31 August 2021, retrieved 16 October 2020  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  166. ↑ Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8308-1505-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&q=Origen+Father+of+Theology&pg=PA100. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  167. ↑ Greggs, Tom (2009). Barth, Origen, and Universal Salvation: Restoring Particularity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-956048-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=etQjYHmwiv4C&q=Origen+preexistence+of+souls&pg=PA55. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  168. ↑ Larsen, Timothy; Treier, Daniel J. (2007) (in en). The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-82750-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=vlmXBe0RPxYC&pg=PA51. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  169. ↑ Aslanoff, Catherine (1995) (in en). The Incarnate God: The Feasts and the life of Jesus Christ. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-130-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVNuPwnIIcC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  170. ↑ Inbody, Tyron (2005) (in en). The Faith of the Christian Church: An Introduction to Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 205–232. ISBN 978-0-8028-4151-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=cHvF2SiBn-kC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 Zeki Saritoprak (2006). "Allah". In Oliver Leaman. The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-4153-2639-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah. Retrieved 16 October 2020. 
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Vincent J. Cornell (2005). "God: God in Islam". In Lindsay Jones. Encyclopedia of Religion. 5 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference. p. 724. 
  173. ↑ "God". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
  174. ↑ "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh.
  175. ↑ Gardet, L.. "Allah". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E. et al.. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Online. http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047. Retrieved 2 May 2007. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 Hammer, Juliane; Safi, Omid (2013) (in en). The Cambridge Companion to American Islam (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-107-00241-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=OBPKKFUyZaUC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 Yust, Karen Marie (2006) (in en). Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4616-6590-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=adMkAgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  178. ↑ Piamenta, Moshe (1983) (in en). The Muslim Conception of God and Human Welfare: As Reflected in Everyday Arabic Speech. Brill Archive. pp. 16–17. https://books.google.com/books?id=FOIUAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 179.2 Terry, Michael (2013) (in en). Reader's Guide to Judaism. Routledge. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-1-135-94150-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw5EAgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  180. ↑ Kochan, Lionel (1990) (in en). Jews, Idols, and Messiahs: The Challenge from History. Oxford: B. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15477-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVsQgAACAAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  181. ↑ Kaplan, Aryeh (1983) (in en). The Aryeh Kaplan Reader: The Gift He Left Behind : Collected Essays on Jewish Themes from the Noted Writer and Thinker (1st ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-89906-173-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=bv5lmlmRmbwC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  182. ↑ Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013), "Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith", Mandaean Associations Union, archived from the original on 31 October 2021, retrieved 8 October 2021  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  183. ↑ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443. 
  184. ↑ Al-Saadi, Qais (27 September 2014), "Ginza Rabba "The Great Treasure" The Holy Book of the Mandaeans in English", Mandaean Associations Union, archived from the original on 16 July 2020, retrieved 8 October 2021  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  185. ↑ Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In Rowe, Paul S. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-3172-3379-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East. Retrieved 20 May 2022. 
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines, SK Hislop – Asian Studies, 1971 Àdàkọ:ISBN?
  187. ↑ F. Landa Jocano: Outline of Philippine Mythology (1969)
  188. ↑ "Pampangan Folklore", Alfredo Nicdao, (1917)
  189. ↑ Jean Karl Gaverza The Myths of the Philippines (2014) Àdàkọ:ISBN?
  190. ↑ Mabel Cook Cole, Philippine Folk Tales (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1916), pp. 141–142.
  191. ↑ John Maurice Miller in his 1904 collection Philippine Folklore Stories
  192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 192.2 McClelland, Norman C. (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8. 
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 193.2 193.3 193.4 Trainor, Kevin (2004) (in en). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC. Retrieved 4 October 2017. 
  194. ↑ Fowler, Merv (1999) (in en). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth." [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  195. ↑ Gowans, Christopher (2004) (in en). Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-134-46973-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  196. ↑ Lipner, Julius (2010). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-45677-7. "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu." 
  197. ↑ Chakravarti, Sitansu S. (1992) (in en). Hinduism, a Way of Life (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. pp. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hale
  199. ↑ Gier, Nicholas F. (2000). Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-7914-4528-0. 
  200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 Billington, Ray (2002) (in en). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-79348-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  201. ↑ Earhart 2004, p. 8.
  202. ↑ Kitagawa 1987, p. 36.
  203. ↑ Hardacre 2017, p. 1.
  204. ↑ 武当山道教协会, 武当山道教协会. 道教神仙分类. Archived from the original on 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-28. 
  205. ↑ Wiley, Kristi L. (2004) (in en). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8108-6337-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  206. ↑ Kelting, M. Whitney (2009) (in en). Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-0-19-973679-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=-txAd-dK0tEC. Retrieved 28 June 2017. 
  207. ↑ "Ahura Mazda". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 208.2 208.3 Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā", Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687 
  209. ↑ 209.0 209.1 209.2 209.3 209.4 209.5 Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700, 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 86, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6, archived from the original on 31 August 2021, retrieved 16 October 2020  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  210. ↑ Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4, archived from the original on 30 August 2021, retrieved 16 October 2020  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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