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Al-Khwarizmi

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Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
Woodcut panel depicting al-Khwarizmi, 20th century
Bornc. 780
Khwarazm, Abbasid Caliphate
Diedc. 850[1][2] (aged ~70)
Abbasid Caliphate
NationalityPersian
InfluencedAbu Kamil of Egypt[3]

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi[note 1] (Persian: محمد بن موسى خوارزمی‎; c. 780 – c. 850), tàbí al-Khwarizmi, jẹ́ ọmọ Khwarazm tí ó ṣe àgbéjáde oríṣiríṣi ìwé ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣirò, astronomy àti geography ní èdè Lárúbáwá. Ní 820 CE, wọ́n yàn án gẹ́gẹ́ bí awòràwọ̀ àti olórí House of Wisdom ní Baghdad, èyí tó jẹ́ olú-ìlú Abbasid Caliphate.

Ó ṣe àkójọpọ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ lórí algebra, ní 813–33 gẹ́gẹ́ bí i Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing),[6]:171 ó sì ṣàgbékalẹ̀ ojútùú àkọ́kọ́ fún linear àti quadratic equations, èyí tí ó wà nínú ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣirò. Ọ̀kan lára àwọn àṣeyọrí rẹ̀ ninú algebra ni bí ó ṣe ṣàpèjúwe bí wọ́n ṣe lè ṣe quadratic equations látipasẹ completing the square, èyí tí ó yànnàná.[7]:14 Nítorí al-Khwarizmi jẹ́ ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tó máa kọ́kọ́ mú ẹ̀kọ́ algebra gẹ́gẹ́ bí èyí tó dá dúró, ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀nà "ìdínkù" àti "ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì"[8] èyí sì mú kí wọ́n pè é ní bàbá [9][10] tàbí olùdásílẹ̀ [11][12] algebra. Wùnrẹ̀n yìí algebra ní èdẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì wáyé láti inú àgékúrú iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (الجبر‎ ).[13] Orúkọ yìí ló bí àwọn orúkọ Gẹ́ẹ̀sí mìíràn bí i algorism àti algorithm; Spanish, Italian, àti Portuguese ń pè é ní guarismo àti [14] algarismo, èyí tí ó túnmọ̀ sí "òǹkà".[15]

Ní sẹ́ńtúrì kejìlá, wọ́n tú ìwé al-Khwarizmi tó kọ lórí ìṣirò India sí èdè Latin, ìyẹn (Algorithmo de Numero Indorum). Ìwé yìí fọ gbogbo àwọn àkórí inú òǹkà India sí wẹ́wẹ́.[16] Bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni Al-Jabr, tí wọ́n tú sínú èdè Latin láti ọwọ́ ọ̀mọ̀wé ilẹ̀ Gẹ́ẹ̀sì kan tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Robert of Chester ní ọdún 1145, ni wón lò láti sẹ́ńtúrì kẹrìndínlógún gẹ́gẹ́ bí i ìwé ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣirò ní ilé ẹ̀kọ́ gíga ti àwọn Europe.[17][18][19][20]

Àwọn ìtọ́kasí

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  1. ↑ Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). "al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. VII. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8. 
  2. ↑ Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). "Al-Khwārizmī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E. et al.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624. 
  3. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam" Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
  4. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history Archived 17 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19.
  5. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1997). "Basic Concepts". The Art of Computer Programming. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1. 
  6. ↑ Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.
  7. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maher
  8. ↑ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."
  9. ↑ Boyer, Carl B., 1985. A History of Mathematics, p. 252. Princeton University Press. "Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...", "...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta..."
  10. ↑ Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, "Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
  11. ↑ Katz, Victor J.. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching". VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2017. "The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825." 
  12. ↑ Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000) (in en). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188. Retrieved 29 September 2020. "Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm." 
  13. ↑ Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra" (in en). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi. Retrieved 5 June 2019. 
  14. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061107213306/http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2024. 
  15. ↑ Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2299605. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605. 
  16. ↑ Struik 1987, p. 93
  17. ↑ Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ. 
  18. ↑ Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159. ""The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century" 
  19. ↑ Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Islam Spain and the history of technology". www.sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)


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