Ammonia

Ammonia
Orúkọ IUPAC Ammonia Azane (see text)
Àwọn orúkọ mìíràn	Ammonia Hydrogen nitride Spirit of Hartshorn Nitro-Sil Vaporole
Identifiers
CAS number	7664-41-7
PubChem	222
EC number	231-635-3
nọ́mbà UN	1005 (anhydrous) 2672, 2073, 3318 (solutions)
nọ́mbà RTECS	BO0875000 (anhydrous) BQ9625000 (solutions)
SMILES	N
InChI	1/H3N/h1H3
InChI key	QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF
ChemSpider ID	217
Properties
Molecular formula	NH3
Molar mass	17.031 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas with strong pungent odour
Density	0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point) 0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C) 681.9 kg/m3 at −33.3 °C (liquid) 820 kg/m3 at -80 °C (crystal solid) 817 kg/m3 at -80 °C (transparent solid)
Ojúàmì ìyọ́	−77.73 °C (195.42 K)
Ojúàmì ìhó	−33.34 °C (239.81 K)
Solubility in water	1176 g/100 mL (0 °C) 702 g/100 mL (20 °C) 88 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	38 (H2O) 41 (DMSO)
Basicity (pKb)	4.75
Structure
Molecular shape	Trigonal pyramid
Dipole moment	1.42 D
Hazards
EU Index	007-001-00-5 (anhydrous) 007-001-01-2 (solutions)
EU classification	Toxic (T) Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	Àdàkọ:R10, Àdàkọ:R23, R34, Àdàkọ:R50
S-phrases	(S1/2), Àdàkọ:S9, S16, Àdàkọ:S26, Àdàkọ:S36/37/39, S45, Àdàkọ:S61
NFPA 704	1 3 0
Flash point	flammable gas (see text)
Autoignition temperature	651 °C
Explosive limits	15–28%
U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL)	50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL)
Related compounds
Other cations	Phosphine Arsine Stibine
Related nitrogen hydrides	Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid
Related compounds	Ammonium hydroxide
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Ammonia

Amonia ni kiwanja cha nitrojeni na hidrojeni chenye fomula NH3. Ni bidhaa muhimu ya viwandani. Takriban tani milioni 200 za amonia huzalishwa kila mwaka. Takriban 80% ya amonia inayozalishwa duniani kote hubadilishwa kuwa mbolea za sintetiki kama vile nitrati ya amonia, fosfeti za amonia, salfeti ya amonia, urea na nitrati ya amonia ya kalsiamu. Asilimia 20 iliyobaki hutumika kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa kemikali na dawa.

Amonia inachukuliwa kama kibebaji muhimu cha nishati katika mifumo ya nishati ya siku zijazo.

Amonia huzalishwa kwa kutumia mchakato wa Haber-Bosch: mchanganyiko wa hidrojeni na gesi ya nitrojeni humenyuka kwa nyuzi joto 450-520 na shinikizo la baa 100-150 mbele ya kichocheo cha chuma. Kwa sasa, hidrojeni inayohitajika kwa mchakato wa Haber-Bosch huzalishwa kutoka kwa mafuta ya visukuku (gesi asilia au makaa ya mawe), ambayo husababisha uzalishaji wa CO2. Amonia inayoweza kutumika tena inaweza kuzalishwa ikiwa hidrojeni huzalishwa kutokana na elektrolisisi ya maji kwa kutumia umeme unaoweza kutumika tena (nishati ya jua na upepo). Afrika ina uwezo mzuri wa kuzalisha amonia inayoweza kutumika tena na kupunguza utegemezi wa uagizaji wa mbolea kutoka nje.