Ojú ọjọ́

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Oju-ọjọ jẹ apẹrẹ oju-ọjọ igba pipẹ ni agbegbe kan, deede ni aropin ju ọdun 30 lọ. [1] [2] Ni lile diẹ sii, o jẹ itumọ ati iyipada ti awọn oniyipada oju ojo lori akoko kan ti o lọ lati awọn oṣu si awọn miliọnu ọdun. Diẹ ninu awọn oniyipada oju ojo ti o wọpọ ni iwọn otutu, ọriniinitutu, titẹ oju aye, afẹfẹ, ati ojoriro . Ni ọna ti o gbooro, afefe jẹ ipo ti awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ti eto afefe, pẹlu afẹfẹ, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere ati biosphere ati awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ laarin wọn. [1] Oju-ọjọ ti ipo kan ni ipa nipasẹ latitude, longitude, ilẹ, giga, lilo ilẹ ati awọn omi ti o wa nitosi ati awọn ṣiṣan wọn. [3]


Awọn oju-ọjọ le jẹ ipin ni ibamu si aropin ati awọn oniyipada aṣoju, otutu ti o wọpọ julọ ati ojoriro . Eto isọdi ti a lo pupọ julọ ni isọdi oju-ọjọ Köppen . Eto Thornthwaite, [4] ti a nlo lati ọdun 1948, ṣafikun evapotranspiration pẹlu iwọn otutu ati alaye ojoriro ati pe a lo ninu kikọ ẹkọ oniruuru ti ibi ati bii iyipada oju-ọjọ ṣe ni ipa lori rẹ. Lakotan, Bergeron ati awọn eto isọdi Synoptic Spatial fojusi lori ipilẹṣẹ ti awọn ọpọ eniyan afẹfẹ ti o ṣalaye oju-ọjọ ti agbegbe kan.


Paleoclimatology jẹ iwadi ti awọn oju-ọjọ atijọ. Paleoclimatologists n wa lati ṣe alaye awọn iyatọ oju-ọjọ fun gbogbo awọn ẹya ti Earth ni akoko eyikeyi ti ẹkọ-ara ti a fun, ti o bẹrẹ pẹlu akoko ti iṣeto ti Earth. [5] Níwọ̀n bó ti jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀nba àwọn àkíyèsí tààràtà nípa ojú ọjọ́ tó wà ṣáájú ọ̀rúndún kọkàndínlógún, àwọn paleoclimate tí wọ́n fi ń wo ọ̀rọ̀ òmìnira láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn alábòójútó aṣojú . Wọn pẹlu ẹri ti kii ṣe biotic — gẹgẹbi awọn gedegede ti a rii ni awọn ibusun adagun ati awọn ohun kohun yinyin — ati ẹri biotic — gẹgẹbi awọn oruka igi ati iyun. Awọn awoṣe oju-ọjọ jẹ awọn awoṣe mathematiki ti o kọja, lọwọlọwọ, ati awọn oju-ọjọ iwaju. Iyipada oju-ọjọ le waye lori awọn akoko gigun ati kukuru lati oriṣiriṣi awọn ifosiwewe. Imorusi aipẹ ni a jiroro ni awọn ofin imorusi agbaye, eyiti o yorisi awọn atunpinpin biota . Fun apẹẹrẹ, gẹgẹ bi onimọ-jinlẹ oju-ọjọ Lesley Ann Hughes ti kọ: “a 3 °C [5 °F] iyipada ni iwọn otutu lododun ni ibamu si iyipada ninu isotherms ti o to 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) ni latitude (ni agbegbe otutu) tabi 500 metres (1,600 ft) ni igbega. Nitorina, awọn eya ni a nireti lati lọ si oke ni igbega tabi si ọna awọn ọpa ti o wa ni latitude ni idahun si iyipada awọn agbegbe afefe." [6] [7]

Itumọ[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Oju-ọjọ ( from Giriki atijọ κλίμα 'Itẹra' ) jẹ asọye ni igbagbogbo bi iwọn oju-ọjọ fun igba pipẹ. [8] Akoko aropin boṣewa jẹ 30 ọdun, [9] ṣugbọn awọn akoko miiran le ṣee lo da lori idi. Oju-ọjọ pẹlu awọn iṣiro miiran yatọ si apapọ, gẹgẹbi awọn titobi ti ọjọ-si-ọjọ tabi awọn iyatọ ọdun si ọdun. Igbimọ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 itumọ itumọ ọrọ jẹ bi atẹle:

Ajo Agbaye ti Oju-ọjọ (WMO) ṣapejuwe “ awọn iṣe deede oju-ọjọ ” gẹgẹbi “awọn aaye itọkasi ti awọn onimọ-jinlẹ nlo lati ṣe afiwe awọn aṣa oju-ọjọ lọwọlọwọ si ti iṣaaju tabi ohun ti a kà si aṣoju. Iwọn oju-ọjọ deede jẹ asọye bi aropin isiro ti ipin oju-ọjọ kan (fun apẹẹrẹ iwọn otutu) fun akoko ọgbọn ọdun. Akoko 30-ọdun kan ni a lo bi o ti pẹ to lati ṣe àlẹmọ eyikeyi iyatọ laarin ọdun tabi awọn aiṣedeede bii El Niño–Southern Oscillation, ṣugbọn tun kuru to lati ni anfani lati ṣafihan awọn aṣa oju-ọjọ gigun.” [10][11]

WMO ti ipilẹṣẹ lati International Meteorological Organisation eyiti o ṣeto igbimọ imọ-ẹrọ fun climatology ni ọdun 1929. Ni ipade Wiesbaden ti 1934 rẹ, Igbimọ imọ-ẹrọ ti yan akoko ọgbọn-ọdun lati 1901 si 1930 gẹgẹbi aaye akoko itọkasi fun awọn deede iwọntunwọnsi oju ojo. Ni ọdun 1982, WMO gba lati ṣe imudojuiwọn awọn iṣe deede oju-ọjọ, ati pe iwọnyi ni atẹle naa pari lori ipilẹ data oju-ọjọ lati 1 Oṣu Kini ọdun 1961 si 31 Oṣu kejila ọdun 1990. [12] Awọn iṣe deede oju-ọjọ 1961-1990 ṣiṣẹ bi akoko itọkasi ipilẹ. Eto atẹle ti awọn deede oju-ọjọ lati ṣe atẹjade nipasẹ WMO jẹ lati 1991 si 2010. [13] Yato si gbigba lati awọn oniyipada oju-aye ti o wọpọ julọ (iwọn otutu afẹfẹ, titẹ, ojoriro ati afẹfẹ), awọn oniyipada miiran bii ọriniinitutu, hihan, iye awọsanma, itankalẹ oorun, iwọn otutu ile, oṣuwọn evaporation pan, awọn ọjọ pẹlu ãra ati awọn ọjọ pẹlu yinyin tun wa. ti a gba lati wiwọn iyipada ninu awọn ipo oju-ọjọ. [14]

Iyatọ laarin afefe ati oju ojo jẹ apejọ ti o wulo nipasẹ gbolohun ti o gbajumo "Afẹfẹ ni ohun ti o reti, oju ojo ni ohun ti o gba." [15] Lori awọn akoko itan- akọọlẹ, nọmba kan ti awọn oniyipada igbagbogbo ti o pinnu oju-ọjọ, pẹlu latitude, giga, ipin ilẹ si omi, ati isunmọ si awọn okun ati awọn oke-nla. Gbogbo awọn oniyipada wọnyi yipada nikan ni awọn akoko ti awọn miliọnu ọdun nitori awọn ilana bii tectonics awo . Awọn ipinnu oju-ọjọ miiran jẹ agbara diẹ sii: sisanwo thermohaline ti okun nyorisi 5 kan imorusi ti Ariwa Atlantic Ocean ni akawe si awọn agbada okun miiran. [16] Awọn ṣiṣan omi okun miiran tun pin ooru laarin ilẹ ati omi lori iwọn agbegbe diẹ sii. Awọn iwuwo ati iru agbegbe agbegbe ni ipa lori gbigba ooru oorun, [17] idaduro omi, ati jijo ni ipele agbegbe kan. Awọn iyipada ni iye awọn gaasi eefin oju aye n pinnu iye agbara oorun ti o ni idaduro nipasẹ aye, ti o yori si imorusi agbaye tabi itutu agbaiye agbaye . Awọn oniyipada eyiti o pinnu oju-ọjọ jẹ lọpọlọpọ ati eka awọn ibaraenisepo, ṣugbọn adehun gbogbogbo wa pe awọn itọka gbooro ni oye, o kere ju niwọn bi awọn ipinnu iyipada oju-ọjọ itan ṣe kan. [18]

Afefe Classification[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Awọn isọdi oju-ọjọ jẹ awọn ọna ṣiṣe ti o pin awọn oju-ọjọ agbaye. Ipinsi oju-ọjọ le ṣe ibamu ni pẹkipẹki pẹlu isọdi biome, nitori oju-ọjọ jẹ ipa pataki lori igbesi aye ni agbegbe kan. Ọkan ninu awọn julọ ti a lo ni ero isọdi oju-ọjọ Köppen ni akọkọ ti o dagbasoke ni ọdun 1899.[19][20] Awọn ọna pupọ lo wa lati pin awọn oju-ọjọ si awọn ijọba ti o jọra. Ni akọkọ, climes ti wa ni asọye ni Greece atijọ lati ṣe apejuwe oju ojo ti o da lori latitude ipo kan. Awọn ọna isọdi oju-ọjọ ode oni le pin kaakiri si awọn ọna jiini, eyiti o da lori awọn idi ti oju-ọjọ, ati awọn ọna ti o ni agbara, eyiti o fojusi awọn ipa ti oju-ọjọ. Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti isọdi jiini pẹlu awọn ọna ti o da lori igbohunsafẹfẹ ojulumo ti awọn oriṣi ibi-afẹfẹ oriṣiriṣi tabi awọn ipo laarin awọn idamu oju-ọjọ synoptic . Awọn apẹẹrẹ ti awọn isọdi alamọdaju pẹlu awọn agbegbe afefe ti a ṣalaye nipasẹ lile ọgbin, [21] evapotranspiration, [22] tabi diẹ sii ni gbogbogbo Köppen ti oju-ọjọ ti a ṣe ni ipilẹṣẹ lati ṣe idanimọ awọn oju-ọjọ ti o ni nkan ṣe pẹlu awọn biomes kan. Aipe ti o wọpọ ti awọn eto isọdi wọnyi ni pe wọn gbejade awọn aala ọtọtọ laarin awọn agbegbe ti wọn ṣalaye, dipo iyipada mimu ti awọn ohun-ini oju-ọjọ diẹ sii ni iseda.

Gba silẹ[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Paleoclimatology

Paleoclimatology jẹ iwadi ti oju-ọjọ ti o kọja lori akoko nla ti itan-akọọlẹ Earth . O nlo ẹri pẹlu awọn iwọn akoko oriṣiriṣi (lati awọn ewadun si awọn ọdunrun ọdun) lati awọn yinyin yinyin, awọn oruka igi, awọn gedegede, eruku adodo, iyun, ati awọn apata lati pinnu ipo oju-ọjọ ti o kọja. O ṣe afihan awọn akoko ti iduroṣinṣin ati awọn akoko iyipada ati pe o le fihan boya awọn iyipada tẹle awọn ilana gẹgẹbi awọn iyipo deede.[23]

Igbalode[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Awọn alaye ti igbasilẹ oju-ọjọ ode oni ni a mọ nipasẹ gbigbe awọn iwọn lati iru awọn ohun elo oju ojo bii awọn iwọn otutu, barometers, ati anemometers ni awọn ọgọrun ọdun diẹ sẹhin. Awọn ohun elo ti a lo lati ṣe iwadi oju ojo lori iwọn akoko ode oni, igbohunsafẹfẹ akiyesi wọn, aṣiṣe ti a mọ, agbegbe wọn lẹsẹkẹsẹ, ati ifihan wọn ti yipada ni awọn ọdun, eyiti a gbọdọ gbero nigbati o ba n ṣe ikẹkọ oju-ọjọ ti awọn ọgọrun ọdun sẹhin. [24] Awọn igbasilẹ afefe ode oni igba pipẹ skew si awọn ile-iṣẹ olugbe ati awọn orilẹ-ede ọlọrọ. [25] Lati awọn ọdun 1960, ifilọlẹ awọn satẹlaiti gba awọn igbasilẹ laaye lati ṣajọ ni iwọn agbaye, pẹlu awọn agbegbe ti ko ni diẹ si wiwa eniyan, bii agbegbe Arctic ati awọn okun.

Iyipada oju-ọjọ[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Iyipada oju-ọjọ jẹ ọrọ lati ṣe apejuwe awọn iyatọ ninu ipo-itumọ ati awọn abuda miiran ti afefe (gẹgẹbi awọn anfani tabi o ṣeeṣe ti oju ojo ti o pọju, ati bẹbẹ lọ) "lori gbogbo aaye ati awọn iwọn igba diẹ ti o kọja ti awọn iṣẹlẹ oju ojo kọọkan." [26] Diẹ ninu awọn iyipada ko dabi pe o fa ni ọna ṣiṣe ati waye ni awọn akoko laileto. Iru iyipada bẹ ni a npe ni iyipada laileto tabi ariwo . Ni ida keji, iyipada igbakọọkan waye ni deede deede ati ni awọn ipo iyatọ ti iyatọ tabi awọn ilana oju-ọjọ. [27]

Awọn ibamu isunmọ wa laarin awọn oscillations afefe ti Earth ati awọn ifosiwewe astronomical (awọn iyipada barycenter, iyatọ ti oorun, ṣiṣan oju-aye agba aye, esi awọsanma albedo, awọn iyipo Milankovic ), ati awọn ipo ti pinpin ooru laarin eto oju-aye oju-omi okun. Ni awọn igba miiran, lọwọlọwọ, itan ati paleoclimatological adayeba oscillations le ti wa ni boju mu nipasẹ pataki folkano eruptions, ikolu iṣẹlẹ, aiṣedeede ninu afefe data aṣoju, ilana esi rere tabi anthropogenic itujade ti oludoti bi eefin gaasi . [28]

Ni awọn ọdun, awọn asọye ti iyipada oju-ọjọ ati ọrọ ti o jọmọ iyipada oju-ọjọ ti yipada. Lakoko ti ọrọ iyipada oju-ọjọ ni bayi tumọ si iyipada ti o jẹ igba pipẹ ati ti idi eniyan, ni awọn ọdun 1960 ọrọ iyipada afefe ni a lo fun ohun ti a ṣe apejuwe bayi bi iyipada afefe, iyẹn ni, awọn aiṣedeede oju-ọjọ ati awọn aiṣedeede. [29]

Iyipada oju-ọjọ[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Awọn itọkasi[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf
  2. ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html
  3. ↑ Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022). [free Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?]. free. 
  4. ↑ Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate". Geographical Review 38 (1): 55–94. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/geog/801/001/www/ET/Thornthwaite48-GeogrRev.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-13. 
  5. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/science/paleoclimatology
  6. ↑ Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already. 
  7. ↑ Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?. http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. Retrieved November 17, 2016. 
  8. ↑ "Climate". Climate. American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=climate1. Retrieved 2008-05-14. 
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080706025040/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change
  11. ↑ http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20141001233620/https%3A//www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_data_and_products.php
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150913033109/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf
  13. ↑ https://community.wmo.int/wmo-climatological-normals
  14. ↑ WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20220808132316/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4166. Retrieved 2022-08-20. 
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170312090813/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/
  16. ↑ http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080527223539/http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W15_paper_DeWerk_Mulder.pdf
  18. ↑ [free Climate change and greenhouse gases]. 1999. free. 
  19. ↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSD...580214B
  20. ↑ Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" (in en). Scientific Data 5: 180214. Bibcode 2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6207062. 
  21. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120704232205/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html
  22. ↑ "Thornthwaite Moisture Index". Thornthwaite Moisture Index. American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=Thornthwaite&submit=Search. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
  23. ↑ http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleo.html
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100047/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/20ctrend.htm
  25. ↑ https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10178730
  26. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Glossary2013
  27. ↑ Rohli & Vega 2018, p. 274.
  28. ↑ Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode 2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100610074216/http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/scafetta-JSTP2.pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2011. 
  29. ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.4639
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