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Bethlehem

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Bethlehem
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicبيت لحم
 • LatinBeit Lahm (official)
Bayt Lahm (unofficial)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • Hebrewבֵּית לֶחֶם
Bethlehem skyline from Church of the Nativity
Bethlehem skyline from Church of the Nativity
Official logo of Bethlehem
Municipal Seal of Bethlehem
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Coordinates: 31°42′11″N 35°11′44″E / 31.70306°N 35.19556°E / 31.70306; 35.19556Coordinates: 31°42′11″N 35°11′44″E / 31.70306°N 35.19556°E / 31.70306; 35.19556
CountryPalestine
GovernorateBethlehem
Founded1400 BCE (est.)
Government
 • TypeCity (from 1995)
 • Head of MunicipalityAnton Salman[1]
Area
 • Municipality type A (City)Àdàkọ:Infobox settlement/dunam
Population
 (2017)[2]
 • Municipality type A (City)28,591
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
97,559
Demonym(s)Bethlehemi
Name meaningHouse of Meat (Arabic); House of Bread (Hebrew & Aramaic)
Websitewww.bethlehem-city.org
Bethlehem and surroundings from the air in 1931

Bethlehem ( /ˈbɛθlɪhɛm/; Lárúbáwá: بيت لحم‎ Hébérù: בֵּית לֶחֶם‎ [[Modern Hebrew phonology|Àdàkọ:Transliteration]]) jẹ́ ìlú ńlá kan tí ó wà ní orílẹ̀-èdè Palestine ní apá ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Ìpínlẹ̀ tí ó tó kìlómítà mẹ́wá convert|10|km|mi|abbr=in}} sí ìlànà Oòrùn Jerusalem. Iye àwọn olùgbé ibẹ̀ jẹ́ ọ̀kẹ́kanlélẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n ènìyàn (25,000),[3][4] orílẹ̀-èdè náà. Ibẹ́ ni wọ́n fẹnu kò sí wípé wọ́n ti bí Jésù ní inú abúlé kan tí ó wà níbẹ̀ tí wọ́n ń pe ní Nazareth . Ohun tí jẹ́ nkan àmúṣọrọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn Bethlehem ni ìrìn-àjò ìgbafẹ́ pàá pàá jùlọ lásìkò ọdú Kérésìmesì tí àwọn ẹlẹ́sì ìgbàgbọ́ ma ń ṣe abẹ̀wò sí ibẹ̀ pàá pàá jùlọ Church of the Nativity.[5][6] Ibi tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ní ìlú yí ni [Ibojì [Rachel]], èyí tí ó wà ní ẹnu abáwọlé gúsù ìlú Bethlehem, bí óbtilẹ̀ jẹ́ wípé àwọn ọmọ ìlú kìí fi bẹ́ẹ̀ láànfàní sí ibẹ̀ látàrí bí àwọn èniyàn Islreali ṣe gbégi dínà ibẹ̀. Ìgbà akọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n dárúkọ ìlú Bethleme ni ní ọdún 1350-1330 BCE tí wọ́n fi lẹ́tà kan ránṣẹ́ nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ Kánáánì ṣì ń gbé ibẹ̀. Nínú Bíbélì Hebrew, ni won ti ṣàlàyé bí wọ́n ṣe kọ́ Bethlehem gẹ́gẹ́ kí ó lè jẹ́ ààbò fún ìlú Rehoboam,[7] ìlú Rehoboam yí ni wọ́n fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ wípé wọn ti da òróró lé Dafídì lórí gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ọbailẹ̀ Isírẹ́lì. Ìyìnrere Mathew àti Lúùkù ni ó sọ wípeé inú ìlú Bethlehem ni wọ́n ti bí Jésù. Ọba Hadrian ba ìlú Bethlehem jẹ́ lásìkò ọ̀rùndú kejì nínú ogun Bar Kokhba revolt; àmọ́ tí Ọbabìnrin Helena, tí ó jẹ́ Ìyá fún Constantine the Great, ni ó ṣe ìfilóọ́lẹ̀ kanọ́ ilé ìjọsì agbàyanu Church of the Nativity ní ọdún 327 CE.

Àwọn Samaritan tún ba ilé ìjọsìn náà bàjẹ́ gidigidi lásìkò ogun 529, àmọ́ Ọba Justinian I ṣe àtúnkọ́ rẹ̀ lẹ́yìn ọ̀rùndún kan tí Ogun náà wáyé.

Ìlú Bethlehem di ìkan lára ìlú amọ́nà àwọn Mùsùlùmí lábẹ́ àwọn ẹlẹ́sìn Mùsùlùmí Jund Filastin lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n gba ilẹ̀ náà ní ọdún 639. Wọ́n sì ṣàkóso Ìlú náà títí di ọdún 1099 tí àwọn ọmọ ogun onígbàgbọ́ Crusader tí wọ́n yí ìlànà ìjọsìn ìlú náà padà sí ti Latin láti ede èdè Látìnì.

Láàrín ọ̀rùndún kẹtàlá, àwọn ọmọ ogun Mamluks wó odi ìlú náà, àmọ́ wọ́n tún odi ìlú yí kọ́ padà lábẹ́ ìjọba Ottomans níbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀rùndún kẹrìndínlógún.[8] Ìṣàkóso ìlú Bethlehem kúrò láti ọwọ́ ọba Ottomans bọ́ sí ọwọ́ àwọn Bríténì níparí ogun agbáyé ẹlẹ́keji. Wọ́n da ìlú Bethlehem mọ́ ìjọba Jọ́dání lásìkò ogun tí ó wáyé láàrín àwọn Lárúbáwá àti Isreal ní ọdún 1948, àmọ́ tí àwọn Isreal mókè nínú ogun náà ní ọdún 1967 tííṣe ogun ọjọ́-mẹ́fà. Láti ọdún 1995 ni ìjọba Palestine ti ń ṣe akóso lórí ìlú Bethlehem. [8] Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ wípé ìlú Bethlehem jẹ́ ìlú tí àwọn Mùsùlùmí pọ̀ sí jùlọ, síbẹ̀ àwọn ẹlẹ́sìn ìgbàgbọ́ náà kò gbẹ́yìn. [9][10] Àwọn olùgbé ati ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Isreal ti ta àtaré sí inú ilẹ̀ Bethlehem tí wọ́n sì lé àwọn Mùsùlùmí ati onígbagbọ́ tí wọ́n gbé níbiẹ̀ ní ìrẹ̀pọ̀, wọ́n sì tún ń di ìjẹ inú wọn lọ́wọ́ pẹ̀lú.[11]

Ìpìlẹ̀ orúkọ ìlú yí

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Bethlehem (Hébérù: בֵּית לֶחֶם‎), jẹ́ ìlú ńlá kan tí ó wà ní orílẹ̀-èdè Palestine ní apá ìwọ̀ Oòrùn orílẹ̀-èdè náà. Ibẹ́ ni wọ́n fẹnu kò sí wípé wọ́n ti bí Jésù ní inú abúlé kan tí ó wà níbẹ̀ tí wọ́n ń pe ní Nazareth . Bethlehem tí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Ilé búrẹ́dì tàbí ilé oúnjẹ.[12] Wọ́n ń pe ìlú ní èdè Èdè Grííkì Ayéijọ́un: Βηθλεέμ Àdàkọ:IPA-grc, ati ní èdèLátìnì: Bethleem.[13] Ibi akọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n ti kọ́kọ́ dárúkọ Bethlehem gẹ́gẹ́ àyè kan ni nínú atẹ̀jíṣẹ́ Amarna correspondence (c. 1400 BCE), ní èyí tí ó tọ́ka sí ibẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Bit-Laḫmi,[14] orúkọ tó jẹ́ wípé wọ́n fàá yọ láti ibi tí a kò lẹ̀ tọ́ka sí. Amọ́, àwọn ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n kan fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ wípé orúkọ náà ni wọ́n yọ láti Mesopotamian tàbí Canaanite tí wọ́n ń pè ní Laḫmu tí ń ṣe ọláọ́run afúnilóyún.[15][13][16] Onímọ̀ nípa Bíbélì ìyẹn William F. Albright gbàgbọ́ wípé àgbàsílẹ̀ ètò tí ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n Otto Schroeder, ni ó "ṣe rẹ́gí".[lower-alpha 1] Albright sọ wípé ìṣẹnupè Lahmu ni ó ti wà bẹ́ẹ̀ láti fún ẹgbàajìdínlẹ́ẹ̀dẹ́gbẹ̀ta ọdún àmọ́, wọ́n ń lòó fún oríṣiríṣi ìtumọ̀ bíi "Tẹ́mpílì ọlọ́run Lakmu" ní Kénáánì, 'Ilé Búrẹ́dì' ní èdè Hebrew àti Èdè Árámáìkì, wọ́n tún ń pèé ní 'Ilé ẹran jíjẹ' ní èdè Èdè Lárúbáwá. Nígbà tí àgbékalẹ̀ "[17] Schroeder's kò jẹ́ ìtànẹ́wọ́ gbà, láti lè jẹ́ kí rẹ́sẹ̀ walẹ̀ ìwádí rẹ̀ nínú ìmọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀.[18] Àwọn àríwísí yí ni ó níṣe pẹ̀lú ìpìlẹ̀ ọ̀rọ̀ rẹ̀ l-h-m, tí ó túmọ̀ sí "ìjà" àmọ́ èrò yí kò múnádóko.Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid parameter in <ref> tag


Àwọn ìtọ́ka sí

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  1. ↑ "Members of the Municipal Council". Bethlehem municipality. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Main Indicators by Type of Locality - Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017" (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-19.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Amara, 1999, p. 18 Archived May 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine..
  4. ↑ Brynen, 2000, p. 202 Archived May 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine..
  5. ↑ Kaufman, David; Katz, Marisa S. (April 16, 2006). "In the West Bank, Politics and Tourism Remain Bound Together Inextricably – New York Times". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html. 
  6. ↑ "Places to Visit In & Around Bethlehem". Bethlehem Hotel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013. 
  7. ↑ 2 Chronicles 11:5–6 (Note: Though v. 6 is frequently translated to say simply that Rehoboam built the city, the Hebrew phrase in v. 5, just prior, וַיִּ֧בֶן עָרִ֛ים לְמָצ֖וֹר wayyiḇen ‘ārîm lemāṣôr means "(and) he built cities into fortresses". Verse 5 is cited by at least one prominent Hebrew lexicon in illustration of this fact. See Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (electronic edition; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), entry for the pertinent root בנה bnh, p. 139. Def. 3 reads as follows: "—3. with לְ to develop buildings: עָרִים לְמָצוֹר cities into fortresses 2C[hronicles] 11:5".)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "History and Mithology of Bethlehem". Bethlehem Municipality. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008. 
  9. ↑ Kamin, Debra. "Are Bethlehem's Christians losing grip on their city?". www.timesofisrael.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 2022-06-10. 
  10. ↑ Klein, Aaron; Daily, World Net (2005-12-27). "'Muslims persecuting Bethlehem's Christians'" (in en). Ynetnews. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3190798,00.html. 
  11. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  12. ↑ Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin: de Gruyter. 2010. pp. 635. ISBN 978-3-11-022219-7. OCLC 663773367. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367. "The name Bethlehem (Hebr. Bet Leḥem; LXX Βηθλέεμ; Βαιθλέεμ; Aramaic Bêt leḥem) combines the Hebrew words bayit, “house,” and leḥem, “bread,” and thus means “house of bread/food.” Some claim that it is connected with the verb root lḥm “to fight”, whence it would mean “house of war/fighting.” That seems less likely. It has also been suggested that there is a connection with the name of the Mesopotamian goddess, Laḫmu, the mother of Anšar (sky) and Kišar (earth) in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish, but this is generally rejected." 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Losch, Richard R. (2005). The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible (Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8028-2805-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51. Retrieved October 14, 2020. 
  14. ↑ "Oxford Archeological Guides: The Holy Land", Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, pp. 198–199, Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-288013-0
  15. ↑ "Bethledhem". Etymology Online. 
  16. ↑ Wright, G. R. H. (1986-01-01). "The Mother-Maid at Bethlehem". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 98 (1): 56–72. doi:10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56. ISSN 1613-0103. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56/html. "The form of the name Bethlehem certainly connotes that the latter element is not a common noun but a proper noun, the name of a god who has his temple (house) there - cf. Beth Shemesh etc. Accordingly the literal version, House of Bread, has been put down as folk etymology. Divine names can be found to fit the bill e.g. Lahmu and Lahamu mentioned in the Babylonian creation epic as offspring of Apsu and Tiamat (v. Staples, AJSL 52, 149—50). Since, however, the name äs generally understood is so apt for an agricultural fertility cult centre, it is possible that the question has not been fully probed (cf. Interpreters' Bible Vol. 2, 853)." 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Albright 1936.
  18. ↑ Wasilewski, E. (2016). "Pastoral exhortations – a key to preliminary homiletic research". The Biblical and Liturgical Movement 69 (2): 125–142. doi:10.21906/rbl.187. 


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