Oníṣe:Agbalagba/Ramadan

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رمضان
Ramadan
رمضان Ramadan
A crescent moon can be seen over palm trees at Manama, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan in Bahrain
Observed byMuslims
TypeReligious
Begins1 Ramadan
Ends29 or 30 Ramadan
DateVariable (follows the Islamic lunar calendar)
CelebrationsCommunity iftars and Community prayers
Observances
Related toEid al-Fitr, Laylat al-Qadr

Ramadan (/ˌræməˈdɑːn/ /ˌræməˈdɑːn/; Lárúbáwá: رمضان‎ Ramaḍān, IPA: [ramaˈdˤaːn];[note 1] ni won tun n donape ni Ramazan, romanized gege bi Ramzan, Ramadhan, tabi Ramathan) ni osu Kesan  ninth month ninu awon osu oju-orun Islamic calendar,[1] gbogbo Musulumi agbaye ni won mo osu naa gege bi osu awe. (fasting) (Sawm) lati gbola fun isipaya Al-Qurani si Muhammad (first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad) gege bi igbagbo esin Islam.[2][3] Won ma n fi osu yi gbawe ni eekan lodun gege bi opo kan ninu awon opo esin Islam (Five Pillars of Islam).[4] Osu yi ma n je mokandin-logbon tabi ogbon ojo geerege (29–30 days) o da lori riri iletesu naa (crescent moon), gege bi opolop akosile orisirisi ninu hadiths.[5][6]

Gbolohun Ramadan wa lati inu ede Larubawa ramiḍa tabi ar-ramaḍ, ni eyi to tumo si ooru gbigbona tabi ogbele.[7] Awe gbigba je dandan obligatory fun Musulumi to ba ti balaga, awe kii se dan dan fun awon ti won n saare, arinrin-ajo,arugbo, alaboyun, obinrin to n fomo lomu, alatosi egbe tabi eni ti saare iku ati obinrin to n se nkan osu.[8] Awe gbigba di dan dan (wājib) fun awon Musulumi ninu osu Sha'ban, leyin odun keji ti awon Musulumi se iri ajo lati ile Meka Mecca lo si Medina. Awon Musulumi ti won wa ni agbegbe ajakale arun wa bi: ki osan doru o tele eto Meka nipa lilo 'Fatwas' [9] Sugbon, aba ti won gba wole ni ki awon Musulumi ti o wa nirufe agbegbe bee o tele ilana eto ilu ti sunmo won julo ni eyi ti osan ati oru ko dapo mora won.

Won ma n gbawe lati idaji titi di ti Orun ba wo, won ko ki ma n je ounje, won ki mu ohun kohun tabi ba obinrin lo po. Won tun ma n jina si ohun ese ti o le kodi ere awe won gege bi: iro pipa, eke sise, oro eyin siso, epe,ija yato si ti o ba fe fi gba emi ara re kale lowo ewu (self defense).[10][11] Ounje idaji saaju ki won to bere awe ni won pe ni (Saari) Suhoor, nigba ti ounje leyin awe ni won n pe ni Iftar.[12][13] Ere emi (thawab) fun awe gbigba ni won tun gbagbo wipe o ma n po ni inu osu Ramadan.[14] Awe gbigba run awon Musulumi ninu osu Ramadan ni o sokunfa opo adura salat (prayers), kika Quran[15][16] ati alekun dara dara ati ore tita.

Itan[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Chapter 2, Verse 185 in Arabic.

Quran orin keji, ese ogorun ole aadorin (Chapter 2, Verse 185,) so wipe:

Osu Ramadan ni osu ti a so Quran kale ; ki o le ma je imona fun eda eniyan, eri to yanju opinya laarin daada ati aburu (right and wrong). Atipe eni keni ti awe ba ba laye, ki o gba awe naa,eni keni ti o ba n saare tabi o n serin ajo fun opo ojo ki o fi awe sile, amo ki o gba awon awe ti o je pada leyin aare re. Olorun (Allah) fe yin fun irorun; ko fe yin fun inira. ki e si ma gbe Olorun oba yin ga fun imona ti o se fun yin, ati wipe ki e le wa ninu awon ti yoo ma dupe.Àdàkọ:Cite quran

Igbagbo ni wipe Quran koko so kale fun Muhammad lasiko osu Ramadan ti o je asiko ti o dara julo "best of times". Igba akoko ti o koko so kale ni ale Laylat al-Qadr (The night of Power) eyi ti o je okan lara ale kan ti o ruju tabi mu ninu oru mewa ti o gbeyin osu Ramadan.[17] Gege bi hadith se so, gbogbo iwe mimo ni won so kale ninu osu Ramadan. Bakan naa ni iwe Ibrahim, ti o n je 'Torah', iwe Psalms, iwe Gospel ati Quran ni won so kale ni ojo kini, ojo kefa, ojo kejila ati ojo ketal (1st, 6th, 12th, 13th)[note 2] and 24th Ramadan respectively.[18]

Gege bi Quran se ao, awe gbigba tun je dandan fun awon ijo to ti saaju ijo Musulumi, o si je ona ti le gba lati ni iberu Olohuntaqwa (fear of God).[19]Àdàkọ:Cite quran God proclaimed to Muhammad that fasting for His sake was not a new innovation in monotheism, but rather an obligation practiced by those truly devoted to the oneness of God.[20] The pagans of Mecca also fasted, but only on tenth day of Muharram to expiate sins and avoid droughts.[21]

Awon ofin ti o se pataki fun awon alaawe so kale ni osu kejidin-logun leyin Hijira (18 months after Hijra), ninu osu Sha'ban ni odun keji Hijra 624 CE.

Abu Zanad, onkowe larubawa omo ile Iraq kan ti o semi ni 747 CE, ko wipe Mandaean community kan ti o wa ni Al-Jazira (modern northern Iraq) ti n gba awe Ramadan saaju ki won to gba Islam.[22]Àdàkọ:Failed verification

Gege bi onimo itan kan Philip Jenkins : gbolohun Ramadan wa lati "from the strict Lenten discipline of the Syrian Churches", eyi je aba imo kan ti awon onimo miiran naa tun fara mo, awon bi: 'theologian Paul-Gordon Chandler'.[23][24] Aba yii da lori igbagbo 'Orientalist' wipe Quran funra re se to pin pin de 'Syriac Christian', apemora ti die lara awon eleko Musulumi bi: 'M. Al-Azami', lodi si.[25]

Awon ojo to se pataki[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ibere ati ipari osu Ramadan ni o da lori lile osu oju orun(lunar Islamic calendar).

Ibere re[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038.

Hilāl (the crescent)(lile osu tabi iletesu) lo fese mule ki o le ojo kan tabi ju bee lo ninu osu tuntun oju orun. Nigba ti Osupa tun tun fi ibere Osu han , o see se ki awon Musulumi bere kika ibere Osu Ramadan.[26] Si opo Musulumi, ko si Hadiths kan to fese mule lori wipe ki agbegbe sagbegbe o ma wa osu tiwon. Bi ojo kan se n le ti o tun di ti wa lataye Muhammad.[27]

Asale Agbara[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Arabic Laylat al-Qadr, ti a tu si ede Yoruba "Asale agbara" tabi "Asale Ase", ni o je asale ti o mo julo laarin odun kan.[28][29] Eyi ni asale ti awon Musulumi gba wipe Quran koko so kale fun Muhammad ti won fese re mile wipe oru kan soso yii "dara ju egberun osu ti a fi sin Olorun lo [of proper worship]", gege bi o se so ninu Quran ori ketadin-logorun ese keta (Chapter 97:3).

Bakan naa, Laylat al-Qadr ni won gba wipe o waye ninu awon ojo ti ruju ninu ojo mewa to gbeyin Osu Ramadan, iyen ni pe; awon ale 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th tabi 29th. Awon awujo Dawoodi Bohra gba wipe ale ojo 23rd ni laylat al Qadr wa.[30] [31]

Ipari re[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ojo odun Eid al-Fitr (Arabic:عيد الفطر) ni won fi n sami ipari Osu Ramadan ti o si tun je ibere Osu ti o tele ti o je Osu Shawwal. Ojo kini Osu Shawal ni won ya soto fun weje wemu leyin ti won ba ti ri iletesu osu Shawal ti o je opin fun ogbon awe osu Ramadan. Amo ti won ko ba ri iletesu boya oju orun ko dara to. Ojo kini Osu Shawal ni odun Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Fitr (Odun isinu) ni a le so wipe o je ojo weje wemu igbadun fun ifarada aije aimu losan fun odidi osu kan ki won to pada si bi won se wa tele ki won le ma je ki won si ma mu lasiko to ba wu won (fitra).[32]

ESIN SISE[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Azim Azimzade. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938

Isin ti o wopo ni ki won gbawe lati owuro kutu kutu titi di ti Orun ba wo. Onuje idaji ni won n pe ni suhur (Saari), nigba ti ounje asale lati le si enu bile ba su ni won n pe ni iftar (Isinu). Awon Musulumi tun saba ma n lekun ninu isin Olohun ati totore aanu lasiko Ramadan. Ramadan tun je osu ti awon Musulumi ma teramo iwa ikora-eni nijanju. Eyi ti Hadith se won ni oju kokro re, paa paa julo Hadith Al-Bukhari[33] and Muslim,[34] wipe "Ti Osu Ramadan ba ti de, won yoo si iloro (gates) Al-Jannat kale ti won yoo si ti iloro ina bakan naa ni won yoo mu awon Esu so pelu seke seke."[35]

Gbigba Awe[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Osu Ramadan je osu ti emi ma n fara han, idagba-soke ati alekun ifokan sin pelu isin yoo lekun si.Won ma n reti ki awon Musulumi leku lori awon eko esin Islam ti Awe (sawm) bere lati owurkutu titi di asale lati le safikun ikora ro won kuro nibi aije, aimu, aisunmo aya won gbogbo ati awon gbolohun ese to ku. Awe gigba ni won so wipe o ma n fo okan kuro nibi awon yoro yoro aye gbogbo. Koko Awe ni lati fo emi nipa idande kuro nibi awon ohun egbin to le se akoba fun eniyan. Osu Ramadan tun ko wa bi a se le ko ara wa nijanu dara dara,[36] Iran lowo pelu ifira eni sipo alaini; ni o seni loju kokoro lati tore aanu fun awon alaini. (zakat).[37]

O wa se dandan fun awon Musulumi lati ma gbawe nigba ti won ba ti balaga, iyen fun eni o wa lalaafia, ti ko ni arun opolo. Opo awon omo lo ma n sakitiyan lati gba awe iye ti won ba le gba nigba ti won n pese ara won kale fun ojo ola.

Awon ayafi ti o wa ninu awe gbigba ni: 'Irin ajo,nkan Osu Obinrin, Aare to lagbara, Oyun nini, Fifomo lomu'. Bakan naa, awon Musulumi ti won n lo oogun fun ailera ara won ti won lakaka lati gba awe gege bi eto ati ilana esin won sugbon, eleyi ko si ninu Hadith. Awon amoye ni lati wa nitosi irufe eni bee lati moju to ti o ba ko lati gbawe ni dandan.[38] Awon ti won ko ba le gbawe gbodo san awe ti won je naa pada leyin Osu Awe.[39]

Suhur[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Iftar at Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

Ojoojumo, awon MEach day, before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the suhur. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the fijrst prayer of the day, Fajr.[40][41]

Iftar[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

At sunset, families hasten for the fast-breaking meal known as iftar. Dates are usually the first food to break the fast; according to tradition, Muhammad broke fast with three dates. Following that, Muslims generally adjourn for the Maghrib prayer, the fourth of the five daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.[42]

Social gatherings, many times in a buffet style, are frequent at iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, and particularly those made only during Ramadan. Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.

In the Middle East, the iftar meal consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers, one or more main dishes, and various kinds of desserts. Usually, the dessert is the most important part during iftar. Typical main dishes are lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, or roast chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. A rich dessert, such as luqaimat, baklava or kunafeh (a buttery, syrup-sweetened kadaifi noodle pastry filled with cheese), concludes the meal.[43]

Over time, iftar has grown into banquet festivals. This is a time of fellowship with families, friends and surrounding communities, but may also occupy larger spaces at masjid or banquet halls for 100 or more diners.[44]

Charity[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Men praying during Ramadan at the Shrine of Ali or "Blue Mosque" in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan

Charity is very important in Islam, and even more so during Ramadan. Zakāt, often translated as "the poor-rate", is obligatory as one of the pillars of Islam; a fixed percentage of the person's savings is required to be given to the poor. Sadaqah is voluntary charity in giving above and beyond what is required from the obligation of zakāt. In Islam, all good deeds are more handsomely rewarded during Ramadan than in any other month of the year. Consequently, many will choose this time to give a larger portion, if not all, of the zakāt that they are obligated to give. In addition, many will also use this time to give a larger portion of sadaqah in order to maximize the reward that will await them at the Last Judgment.[citation needed]

Nightly prayers[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Tarawih (Lárúbáwá: تراويح‎) refers to extra prayers performed by Muslims at night in the Islamic month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.[45] However, many Muslims pray these prayers in the evening during Ramadan. Some scholarsÀdàkọ:Who maintain that Tarawih is neither fard or a Sunnah, but is the preponed Tahajjud (night prayer) prayer shifted to post-Isha' for the ease of believers. But a majority of Sunni scholars regard the Tarawih prayers as Sunnat al-Mu'akkadah, a salaat that was performed by the Islamic prophet Muhammad very consistently.

Recitation of the Quran[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

In addition to fasting, Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran. Some Muslims perform the recitation of the entire Quran by means of special prayers, called Tarawih. These voluntary prayers are held in the mosques every night of the month, during which a whole section of the Quran (juz', which is 1/30 of the Quran) is recited. Therefore, the entire Quran would be completed at the end of the month. Although it is not required to read the whole Quran in the Tarawih prayers, it is common.

Cultural practices[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Crescent is colourfully decorated and beautifully illuminated during Ramadan
Striking the bedug in Indonesia
Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt
Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem

In some Muslim countries today, lights are strung up in public squares, and across city streets, to add to the festivities of the month. Lanterns have become symbolic decorations welcoming the month of Ramadan. In a growing number of countries, they are hung on city streets.[46][47][48] The tradition of lanterns as a decoration becoming associated with Ramadan is believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate primarily centered in Egypt, where Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah was greeted by people holding lanterns to celebrate his ruling. From that time, lanterns were used to light mosques and houses throughout the capital city of Cairo. Shopping malls, places of business, and people's homes can be seen with stars and crescents and various lighting effects, as well.

As the nation with the world's largest Muslim population, Indonesia has diverse Ramadan traditions. On the island of Java, many Javanese Indonesians bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as Padusan. The city of Semarang marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the Warak ngendog, a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the Buraq. In the Chinese-influenced capital city of Jakarta, fire crackers were traditionally used to wake people up for morning prayer, until the 19th century. Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya. Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as beef in Aceh, and snails in Central Java. The iftar meal is announced every evening by striking the bedug, a giant drum, in the mosque.

Common greetings during Ramadan are "Ramadan Mubarak" or "Ramadan Kareem", which wish the recipient a blessed or generous Ramadan.[49]

Observance rates[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

According to a 2012 Pew Research Centre study of 39 countries and territories, there is widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93%.[50] Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include Southeast Asia, South Asia, MENA and most of Sub-Saharan Africa. Percentages are lower in Central Asia and Southeast Europe. According to The Economist, relatively few Iranians are believed to fast during Ramadan.[51]

Penalties for infraction[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

In some Muslim countries, failing to fast during Ramadan is considered a crime and is prosecuted as such. For instance, in Algeria, in October 2008 the court of Biskra condemned six people to four years in prison and heavy fines.[52]

In Kuwait, according to law number 44 of 1968, the penalty is a fine of no more than 100 Kuwaiti dinars, (about US$330, GB£260 in May 2017) or jail for no more than one month, or both penalties, for those seen eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan daytime.[53][54] In some places in the U.A.E., eating or drinking in public during the daytime of Ramadan is considered a minor offence and would be punished by up to 150 hours of community service.[55] In neighbouring Saudi Arabia, described by The Economist as taking Ramadan "more seriously than anywhere else",[56] there are harsher punishments including flogging, imprisonment and, for foreigners, deportation.[57] In Malaysia, however, there are no such punishments.

Other legal issues[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Some countries have laws that amend work schedules during Ramadan. Under U.A.E. labor law, the maximum working hours are to be 6 hours per day and 36 hours per week. Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait have similar laws.[58]

In Egypt, alcohol sales are banned during Ramadan.[59]

Health[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people, but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they were to encounter health problems before or during fasting.[60] The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.[61]

The education departments of Berlin and the United Kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades, according to their own research.[62][63]

Renal disease[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) or worse kidney disease, but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming patients.[64]

Crime rates[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

The correlation of Ramadan with crime rates is mixed: some statistics show that crime rates drop during Ramadan, while others show that it rises. Decreases in crime rates have been reported by the police in some cities in Turkey (Istanbul[65] and Konya[66]) and the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.[67] A 2012 study showed that crime rates decreased in Iran during Ramadan, and that the decrease was statistically significant.[68] A 2005 study found that there was a decrease in assault, robbery and alcohol-related crimes during Ramadan in Saudi Arabia, but only the decrease in alcohol-related crimes was statistically significant.[69] Increases in crime rates during Ramadan have been reported in Turkey,[70] Jakarta,[71][72][73] parts of Algeria,[74] Yemen[75] and Egypt.

Various mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of Ramadan on crime:

  • An Iranian cleric argues that fasting during Ramadan makes people less likely to commit crimes due to spiritual reasons.[76] Gamal al-Banna argues that fasting can stress people out, which can make them more likely to commit crimes. He criticized Muslims who commit crimes while fasting during Ramadan as "fake and superficial".[77]
  • Police in Saudi Arabia attributed a drop in crime rates to the "spiritual mood prevalent in the country".
  • In Jakarta, Indonesia, police say that the traffic due to 7 million people leaving the city to celebrate Eid al-Fitr results in an increase in street crime. As a result, police deploy an additional 7,500 personnel.
  • During Ramadan, millions of pilgrims enter Saudi Arabia to visit Mecca. According to the Yemen Times, such pilgrims are usually charitable, and consequently smugglers traffic children in from Yemen to beg on the streets of Saudi Arabia.

Ramadan in polar regions[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

During 2010 Middle East negotiations in the United States, Hosni Mubarak and Benjamin Netanyahu check their watches to see if the sun has set.

The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the world according to summer or winter solstices of the sun. Most Muslims fast for 11–16 hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset may exceed 22 hours in summers. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost 22 hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia, fasted for only about 11 hours. Muslims in areas where continuous night or day is observed during Ramadan follow the fasting hours in the nearest city where fasting is observed at dawn and sunset. Alternatively, Muslims may follow Mecca time.[78][79][80]

Employment during Ramadan[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Muslims will continue to work during Ramadan. The prophet Muhammad said that it is important to keep a balance between worship and work. In some Muslim countries, such as Oman, however, working hours are shortened during Ramadan.[81][82] It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to impact performance at work.[83] The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by religious accommodation varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the UK and the US.[84][85][86]

See also[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Notes[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

  1. ↑ In Arabic phonology, it can be [rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramadˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn], depending on the region.
  2. ↑ The hadith of Jabir ibn Abdullah mentions that the Gospel was sent down on the 18th of Ramadan. Aliyev, Rafig Y. (June 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 9781490705217. https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC&q=fasting#v=snippet. 

References[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

  1. ↑ BBC – Religions Retrieved 25 July 2012
  2. ↑ "Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan". The Global Times Online. 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  3. ↑ "The Muslim World Observes Ramadan". Power Text Solutions. 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  4. ↑ "Schools – Religions". BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  5. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124.". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  6. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378.". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  7. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391.". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  8. ↑ Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – Page 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  9. ↑ "Ramadan in the Farthest North". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved 16 June 2015. 
  10. ↑ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America. Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0231147104. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tom-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  11. ↑ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0815607660. https://books.google.com/books?id=3gLhIpc-p-wC&pg=PA57. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  12. ↑ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – page 24
  13. ↑ Dubai – Page 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
  14. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  15. ↑ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  16. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199.". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  17. ↑ Ad-Dausaree, Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh (2006). The Magnificence of Quran. Darussalam Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?id=AKmmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29&dq=ramadan+quran+revealed&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ramadan%2520quran%2520revealed&f=false. 
  18. ↑ Aliyev, Rafig Y. (June 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody. Trafford Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 9781490705217. https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC. Àdàkọ:Self-published inline
  19. ↑ al-Uthaymeen, Shaikh Saalih. Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab. Salafi Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  20. ↑ Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183
  21. ↑ Aliyev, Rafig Y. (February 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody. Trafford Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 9781490705217. https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC. Àdàkọ:Self-published inline
  22. ↑ See Ibn Qutaybah,op.cit.page 204; Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The Knowledge of Life, Oxford University, 1994, p. 25, note 403: "Abu al-Fida, op-cit., p.148; Bar Habraeus, op.cit. p.266, Ibn Hazm claims that this fast is the fast of Ramadan (of the Muslims), but this is completely wrong."
  23. ↑ Jenkins, Philip (31 July 2006). The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South (p. 182). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
  24. ↑ Chandler, Paul-Gordon (1 October 2008) (in English). Pilgrims of Christ on the Muslim Road: Exploring a New Path Between Two Faiths. Cowley Publications. p. 88. ISBN 9780742566033. 
  25. ↑ Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, "The History of The Quranic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments", 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House
  26. ↑ Hilal Sighting & Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Hilal Sighting Committee of North America (website). Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  27. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  28. ↑ Robinson, Neal (1999). Islam: A Concise Introduction. Washington: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-224-1. 
  29. ↑ Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  30. ↑ Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadhan), Hadith 238". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  31. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  32. ↑ "Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month Of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal". EsinIslam, Arab News & Information – By Adil Salahi. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2016. 
  33. ↑ "Book of Fasting – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Retrieved 16 June 2015. 
  34. ↑ "Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361.". Hadith Collection. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015. 
  35. ↑ "Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance". Guardian Ne, Nigeria. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
  36. ↑ Why Ramadan brings us together; BBC, 1 September 2008
  37. ↑ Help for the Heavy at Ramadan, Washington Post, 27 September 2008
  38. ↑ El-Zibdeh, Dr. Nour. "Understanding Muslim Fasting Practices". todaysdietitian.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  39. ↑ Àdàkọ:Cite quran
  40. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2415". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  41. ↑ Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad (2009). "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 144". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  42. ↑ Fletcher Stoeltje, Melissa (22 August 2009). "Muslims fast and feast as Ramadan begins". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 22 July 2012. 
  43. ↑ Levy, Faye; Levy, Yakir (21 July 2012). "Ramadan's high note is often a dip". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-ramadan-20120721,0,1433650.story. Retrieved 22 July 2012. 
  44. ↑ Davis, James D. (8 August 2010). "Ramadan: Muslims feast and fast during holy month". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 22 July 2012. 
  45. ↑ "Tarawih Prayer a Nafl or Sunnah". Retrieved 16 June 2015. 
  46. ↑ "Muslims begin fasting for Ramadan". ABC News. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 
  47. ↑ Taryam Al Subaihi (29 July 2012). "The spirit of Ramadan is here, but why is it still so dark?". The National. Retrieved 30 July 2012. 
  48. ↑ Cochran, Sylvia (8 August 2011). "How to decorate for Ramadan". Yahoo-Shine. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 
  49. ↑ Ramadan 2015: Facts, History, Dates, Greeting And Rules About The Muslim Fast, Huffington Post, 15 June 2015
  50. ↑ "Most Muslims say they fast during Ramadan". Pew Research Center. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2017. 
  51. ↑ "Iran comes out of the cold: The special Ramadan feast". The Economist. 18 July 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21657821-momentous-day-iran-it-signs-nuclear-deal-america-may-yet-transform. Retrieved 14 November 2017. 
  52. ↑ "Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast". Al Arabiya News. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. 
  53. ↑ Press release by Kuwait Ministry Of Interior
  54. ↑ "KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking". Friday Times (Kuwait Times Newspaper). 21 August 2009. http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  55. ↑ Salama, Samir (16 July 2009). "New penalty for minor offences in UAE". Gulf News (Dubai, UAE: Al Nisr Publishing LLC). http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892. 
  56. ↑ "Ramadan in Saudi Arabia: Taking it to heart". The Economist. 11 June 2016. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it. Retrieved 11 June 2016. 
  57. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Threatens Non-Muslim Foreigners Who Eat or Drink in Public during Ramadan". The Blaze. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017. 
  58. ↑ Employment Issues During Ramadan – The Gulf Region[Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́], DLA Piper Middle East.
  59. ↑ "Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan," Al-Ahram, 22 July 2012.
  60. ↑ "Islamic fasting and health". Ann. Nutr. Metab. 56 (4): 273–82. 2010. doi:10.1159/000295848. PMID 20424438. 
  61. ↑ "Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutr 17 (2): 396–406. 2014. doi:10.1017/S1368980012005046. PMID 23182306. 
  62. ↑ "Schools say Muslim students 'should break Ramadan fast' to avoid bad grades" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/06/03/schools-say-muslim-students-should-break-ramadan-fast-to-avoid-b/. 
  63. ↑ Prof. Dr. E. Jürgen Zöllner (Summer 2017). "Education in Berlin: Islam and School". Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. http://www.tagesspiegel.de/downloads/1935352/3/.pdf. 
  64. ↑ "Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature". J Res Med Sci. (Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences) 18 (8): 711–716. August 2013. ISSN 1735-1995. PMC 3872613. PMID 24379850. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3872613. 
  65. ↑ "Crime rate falls during Ramadan". Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014. 
  66. ↑ "Crime rate drops over Ramadan". Turkish Daily News. 16 November 2002. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=crime-rate-drops-over-ramadan-2002-11-16. Retrieved 24 June 2015. 
  67. ↑ "Eastern Province crime falls 40% during Ramadan". 28 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
  68. ↑ Tavakoli, Nasrin (2012), "Effect of spirituality on decreasing crimes and social damages: A case study on Ramadan" (PDF), International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences: 518–524 
  69. ↑ "The effect of Ramadan on crime rates in Saudi Arabia, Hattab Ben Thawab Al-Sobaye" (PDF). Naif Arab University for Social Sciences, Thesis publication. 23 March 2011. 
  70. ↑ "129 women killed in six months in Turkey, lawmaker says". Hurriyet Daily News. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014. 
  71. ↑ "Crime rates increase during Ramadhan". Jakarta Post. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2014. 
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  73. ↑ "Anticipating Crime, 7,500 Policemen Put on Standby Along Ramadan". Department of Communication, Informatics and Public Relations of Jakarta Capital City. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
  74. ↑ "Comment le Ramadhan bouleverse la vie des Algériens". El Watan, French. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
  75. ↑ "Yemen child trafficking to increase during Ramadan". Yemen Times. 20 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. 
  76. ↑ "Ramadan and lower crime rates: The Ayatollah says that during Ramadan the number of criminal cases in the Judiciary diminish by a great degree.". 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
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  78. ↑ See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffingtonpost.co /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  79. ↑ See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish" http://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish
  80. ↑ Kassam, Ashifa (3 July 2016). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2016. 
  81. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced in Oman". Times of Oman. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016. 
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  83. ↑ "The Working Muslim in Ramadan" (PDF). Working Muslim. 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2016. 
  84. ↑ Lewis Silkin (26 April 2016). "Lewis Silkin – Ramadan – employment issues". lewissilkinemployment.com. Retrieved 1 June 2016. 
  85. ↑ "Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases". Free Enterprise. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  86. ↑ "EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement In Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees". eeoc.gov. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 

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