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Ken Saro-Wiwa

Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́
Àyọkà yìí jẹ mọ́ nípa Ajàfẹ́tọ̀ó ọmọnìyàn. Fún Ken Saro-Wiwa, ẹ wo: Ken Wiwa.

Àdàkọ:EngvarB

Ken Saro-Wiwa
Fáìlì:Ken Saro-Wiwa.jpg
Ọjọ́ìbíKenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa
(1941-10-10)10 Oṣù Kẹ̀wá 1941
Bori, Colonial Nigeria
Aláìsí10 November 1995(1995-11-10) (ọmọ ọdún 54)
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Iṣẹ́Àdàkọ:Cslist
Movement[[Movement for the SurvivaÀṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have contentl of the Ogoni People]]
Àwọn ọmọ5, including Ken Wiwa, Zina and Noo
Parent(s)
Àwọn olùbátanOwens Wiwa (brother)
Awards

Kenule Beeson "Ken" Saro-Wiwa (10 October 1941 sí 10 November 1995)[1] ó jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà Nigerian, olùkọ́, atọ́kùn ètò lórí ẹ̀rọ agbóhùngbójìjí, àti Ajàfẹ́tọ̀ó ọmọnìyàn nípa àyíká (environmental activist).[2] Saro-Wiwa jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Ogoni people, ẹ̀yà kan tí ó kéré ní Orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà, èyí tí gbogbo ilẹ̀ wọn, Ogoniland,[3] tó wà ní Niger Delta, jẹ́ èyí tí wọ́n fojú sí láti lè máa wa epo-rọ̀bì - - crude oil extraction láti ọdún 1950s tí wọ́n sì ti fi ojú winá onírúurú àwọn àdánù tí óní ohun í ṣe pẹ̀lú ilẹ̀ àti àyíká wọn - - has suffered extreme environmental damage látàrí wíwa epo-rọ̀bì láti ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọdún sẹ́yìn.[4]

Láti Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bíi agbẹnusọ, àti Ààrẹ nígbà náà, fún ẹgbẹ́ (Àgbáríjọ́pọ́ fún ìwàláàyè àwọn ènìyàn Ogoni) Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Saro-Wiwa lé iwájú ìfẹ́hónúhàn nonviolent campaign tako bíba àyíká, ilẹ̀ àti omi àwọn Ogoni jẹ́ environmental degradation látàrí àwọn iṣẹ́ tí àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ èpò tí wọ́n jẹ́ ti gbogbo àgbáyé, àgàgà ilé iṣẹ́ Royal Dutch Shell [5] Ó sì tako bí ìjọba orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà Nigerian government kò ṣe pèsè ètò àlàkalẹ̀ fún bí a ṣe ń lo ilẹ̀ fún àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ wọ̀nyí.[6]

Látàrí jíjà fún ẹ̀tọ́ àwọn ènìyàn rẹ̀ ni ìjọba ológun military tribunal[7] ,ti fi ẹ̀sùn pípa olórí àwọn ènìyàn Ogoni níbi ìpàdé kan tí wọ́n ṣe, nígbà ìṣejọba Ọ̀gágun aniSAbacha ani Abacha ní ọdún 1995. ni wọ́n ṣe ètò yíyẹgi fún un tí ẹ̀mí fi bọ́ lẹ́nu rẹ̀[8] Ikú Ken Saro-Wiwa ṣokùnfà onírúurú ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ní àgbáyé, èyí sì fa bí wọ́n ṣe ní kí orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà Nigeria ó lọ rọ́kún nílé nínú ẹgbẹ́ Commonwealth fún odidi ọdún mẹ́ta.


  • ÌBẸ̀RẸ̀ PẸ̀PẸ̀ AYÉ RẸ̀

Kenule Saro-Wiwa wọ́n bí i ní Bori, àgbègbè tí kò jìnnà sí Port-Harcourt, Nigeria ní 10 October 1941.[1][2] Ó jẹ́ ọmọ bíbí Olóyè Jim Wiwa, ẹni tí Ó di ipò mú nínú ẹgbẹ́ Nigerian chieftaincy system àti ìyàwó kẹta Widu. Ó yí orúkọ rẹ̀ prdà sí Saro-Wiwa lẹ́yìn ogun abẹ́lé orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà Nigerian Civil War. Ó fẹ́ Maria Saro Wiwa.[9] Ìlú bàbá rẹ̀ ni abúlé Bane, Ogoniland, èyí tí àwọn ará ìlú ibẹ̀ ń sọ ẹ̀ka èdè Khana dialect ti èdè àwọn Ogoni language. He spent his childhood in an Anglican home and eventually proved himself to be an excellent student. He received primary education at a Native Authority school in Bori, then attended secondary school at Government College Umuahia. A distinguished student, he was captain of the table tennis team and amassed school prizes in History and English.[10]

On the completion of his secondary education, he obtained a scholarship to study English at the University of Ibadan. At Ibadan, he plunged into academic and cultural interests, he won departmental prizes in 1963 and 1965 and worked for a drama troupe. The travelling drama troupe performed in Kano, Benin, Ilorin and Lagos and collaborated with the Nottingham Playhouse theater group.[11]

He briefly became a teaching assistant at the University of Lagos and later at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He was an African literature lecturer in Nsukka when the civil war broke out, he supported the Federal Government and had to leave the region for his hometown at Bori. On his journey to Port-Harcourt, he witnessed the multitudes of refugees returning to the East, a scene he described as a "sorry sight to see".[12] Three days after his arrival to Bonny, it fell to federal troops. He and his family then stayed in Bonny, he travelled back to Lagos and took a position at the University of Lagos which did not last long as he was called back to Bonny.[13]

He was called back to become the Civilian Administrator for the port city of Bonny in the Niger Delta. During the Nigerian Civil War he positioned himself as an Ogoni leader dedicated to the Federal cause.[14] He followed his job as an administrator with an appointment as a commissioner in the old Rivers State. His best known novel, Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (1985), tells the story of a naive village boy recruited to the army during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970, and intimates the political corruption and patronage in Nigeria's military regime of the time. His war diaries, On a Darkling Plain (1989), document his experience during the war. He was also a successful businessman and television producer. His satirical television series, Basi & Company, was wildly popular, with an estimated audience of 30 million.[15]

In the early 1970s, he served as the Regional Commissioner for Education in the Rivers State[16] Cabinet. But was dismissed in 1973 because of his support for Ogoni autonomy.[17] In the late 1970s, he established a number of successful business ventures in retail and real estate, and during the 1980s concentrated primarily on his writing, journalism and television production.[16] In 1977, he became involved in the political arena running as the candidate to represent Ogoni in the Constituent Assembly. He lost the election in a narrow margin.[18] It was during this time he had a fall out with his friend Edwards Kobani.[19]

His intellectual work was interrupted in 1987 when he re-entered the political scene, having been appointed by the newly installed dictator Ibrahim Babangida to aid the country's transition to democracy.[20] But he resigned because he felt Babangida's supposed plans for a return to democracy were disingenuous. His sentiments were proven correct in the coming years, as Babangida failed to relinquish power. In 1993, Babangida annulled Nigeria's general elections that would have transferred power to a civilian government, sparking mass civil unrest and eventually forcing him to step down, at least officially, that same year.[21]

Works

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Saro-Wiwa's works include TV, drama and prose writing.[22] His earlier works from 1970s to 1980s were mostly satirical displays that portray a counter-image of Nigerian society.[23]:269 But his later writings were more inspired by political dimensions such as environmental and social justice than satire.[24]

Transistor Radio, one of his best known plays,[23]:270 was written for a revue during his university days at Ibadan but still resonated well with Nigerian society and was adapted into a television series.[citation needed] Some of his works drew inspiration from the play. In 1972, a radio version of the play was produced and in 1985, he produced Basi and Company, a successful screen adaption of the play. He included the play in Four Farcical Plays and Basi and Company: Four Television Plays. Basi and Company, an adaptation of Transistor Radio, ran on television from 1985 to 1990. A farcical comedy,[23]:273 the show chronicles city life and is anchored by the protagonist, Basi, a resourceful and street-wise character looking for ways to achieve his goal of obtaining millions which always ends to become an illusive mission.[citation needed]

In 1985, the Biafran Civil War novel Sozaboy was published.[25] The protagonist's language was written in nonstandard English or what He called "Rotten English",[26] a hybrid language of pidgin English,[1] standard English and broken English.[26][2][27]

Activism

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In 1990, he began devoting most of his time to human rights and environmental causes, particularly in the land settled by the Ogoni people.[1] He was one of the earliest members of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), which advocated for the rights of the Ogoni people. The Ogoni Bill of Rights, written by MOSOP, set out the movement's demands, including increased autonomy for the Ogoni people, a fair share of the proceeds of oil extraction, and remediation of environmental damage to Ogoni lands.[28] In particular, MOSOP struggled against the degradation of Ogoni lands by Royal Dutch Shell.[29]

In 1992, He was imprisoned for several months, without trial, by the Nigerian military government.[30][31]

He was Vice Chairman of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) General Assembly from 1993 to 1995.[32] UNPO is an international, nonviolent, and democratic organisation (of which MOSOP is a member).[33] Its members are indigenous peoples, minorities, and under-recognised or occupied territories who have joined together to protect and promote their human and cultural rights, to preserve their environments and to find nonviolent solutions to conflicts which affect them.[34]

In January 1993, MOSOP organised peaceful marches of around 300,000 Ogoni people[30]– more than half of the Ogoni population – through four Ogoni urban centres, drawing international attention to their people's plight. The same year the Nigerian government occupied the region militarily.[35]

Arrest and execution

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He was arrested again and detained by Nigerian authorities in June 1993 but was released after a month.[36] On 21 May 1994, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered.[37]

Saro-Wiwa had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was arrested and accused of inciting them. He denied the charges but was imprisoned for more than a year before being found guilty and sentenced to death by a specially convened tribunal.[38] The same happened to eight other MOSOP leaders who, along with Saro-Wiwa, became known as the Ogoni Nine.[39]

Some of the defendants' lawyers resigned in protest against the alleged rigging of the trial by the Abacha regime. The resignations left the defendants to their own means against the tribunal, which continued to bring witnesses to testify against Saro-Wiwa and his peers. Many of these supposed witnesses later admitted that they had been bribed by the Nigerian government to support the criminal allegations. At least two witnesses who testified that Saro-Wiwa was involved in the murders of the Ogoni elders later recanted, stating that they had been bribed with money and offers of jobs with Shell to give false testimony, in the presence of Shell's lawyer.[40]

The trial was widely criticised by human rights organisations, and six months later, Saro-Wiwa received the Right Livelihood Award for his courage, as well as the Goldman Environmental Prize.[41]

On 8 November 1995, a military ruling council upheld the death sentences.[42] The military government then immediately moved to carry them out. The prison in Port Harcourt was selected as the place of execution. Although the government wanted to carry out the sentences immediately, it had to wait two days for a gallows to be built. Within hours of the sentences being upheld, nine coffins were taken to the prison, and the following day a team of executioners was flown in from Sokoto to Port Harcourt.[43]

On 10 November 1995, Saro-Wiwa and the remainder of the Ogoni Nine were taken from the army base where they were being held to Port Harcourt prison.[44] They were told that they were being moved to Port Harcourt because it was feared that the army base they were being held in might be attacked by Ogoni youths. The prison was heavily guarded by riot police and tanks, and hundreds of people lined the streets in anticipation of the executions. After arriving at Port Harcourt prison, Saro-Wiwa and the others were herded into a single room and their wrists and ankles were shackled. They were then led one by one to the gallows and executed by hanging, with Saro-Wiwa being the first. It took five tries to execute him due to faulty equipment.[43] His last words were: "Lord take my soul, but the struggle continues." After the executions, the bodies were taken to the Port Harcourt Cemetery under armed guard and buried.[45][46] Anticipating disturbances as a result of the executions, the Nigerian government deployed tens of thousands of troops and riot police to two southern provinces and major oil refineries around the country. The Port Harcourt Cemetery was surrounded by soldiers and tanks.[47][43]

The executions provoked a storm of international outrage. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the executions in a resolution which passed by a vote of 101 in favor to 14 against and 47 abstentions.[48][49] The European Union condemned the executions, which it called a "cruel and callous act", and imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria.[50][51] The United States recalled its ambassador from Nigeria, imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria, and imposed travel restrictions on members of the Nigerian military regime and their families.[52] The United Kingdom recalled its high commissioner in Nigeria, and British Prime Minister John Major called the executions "judicial murder."[53]

South Africa took a primary role in leading international criticism, with President Nelson Mandela urging Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations. Zimbabwe and Kenya also backed Mandela, with Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe backing Mandela's demand to suspend Nigeria's Commonwealth membership, but a number of other African leaders criticized the suggestion. Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations was ultimately suspended, and Nigeria was threatened with expulsion if it did not transition to democracy in two years. The US and British governments also discussed the possibility of an oil embargo backed by a naval blockade of Nigeria.[50][54]

Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation

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The Ken Saro-Wiwa foundation was established in 2017 to work towards improved access to basic resources such as electricity and Internet for entrepreneurs in Port Harcourt.[55] The association founded the Ken Junior Award, named for Saro-Wiwa's son Ken Wiwa, who died in October 2016.[56] The award is presented to innovative start-up technology companies in Port Harcourt.[55]

Family lawsuits against Royal Dutch Shell

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Àyọkà olórí: Wiwa family lawsuits against Royal Dutch Shell
Protest in Washington, D.C. against the killing of Saro-Wiwa and others, November 1995

Beginning in 1996, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), Earth Rights International (ERI), Paul Hoffman of Schonbrun, DeSimone, Seplow, Harris & Hoffman and other human rights attorneys have brought a series of cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria,[57] including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. The lawsuits are brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation.[58]

The cases were brought under the Alien Tort Statute, a 1789 statute giving non-US citizens the right to file suits in US courts for international human rights violations, and the Torture Victim Protection Act, which allows individuals to seek damages in the US for torture or extrajudicial killing, regardless of where the violations take place.[59]

The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York set a trial date of June 2009. On 9 June 2009, Shell agreed to an out-of-court settlement of US$15.5 million to victims' families. However, the company denied any liability for the deaths, stating that the payment was part of a reconciliation process.[60] In a statement given after the settlement, Shell suggested that the money was being provided to the relatives of Saro-Wiwa and the eight other victims, to cover the legal costs of the case and also in recognition of the events that took place in the region.[61] Some of the funding is also expected to be used to set up a development trust for the Ogoni people, who inhabit the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.[62] The settlement was made just days before the trial, which had been brought by Saro-Wiwa's son, was due to begin in New York.[61]

Legacy

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His death provoked international outrage and the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the Commonwealth of Nations,[63] as well as the calling back of many foreign diplomats for consultation. The United States and other countries considered imposing economic sanctions.[64][65][66]

The execution of Saro-Wiwa marked the beginning of the international business and human rights (BHR) movement.[67]

Tributes

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Tributes to Saro-Wiwa include:

Artwork and memorials

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  • A memorial to Saro-Wiwa was unveiled in London on 10 November 2006 by London organisation Platform.[68] It consists of a sculpture in the form of a bus and was created by Nigerian-born artist Sokari Douglas Camp. It toured the UK the following year.[69]

Awards

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Literature

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Naming

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  • Amsterdam named a street after Saro-Wiwa, the Ken Saro-Wiwastraat.[76]
  • An ant Zasphinctus sarowiwai was named after Saro-Wiwa in 2017.Àdàkọ:Cn

Documentaries

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A BBC World Service Radio Documentary, "Silence Would Be Treason", was broadcast in January 2022. It is presented by his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa and voiced by Ben Arogundade.[77]

Personal life

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He and his wife Maria had five children, who grew up with their mother in the United Kingdom while their father remained in Nigeria. They include Ken Wiwa and Noo Saro-Wiwa, both journalists and writers, and Noo's twin Zina Saro-Wiwa, a journalist and filmmaker.[78][79] In addition, Saro-Wiwa had two daughters (Singto and Adele) with another woman.[78] He also had another son, Kwame Saro-Wiwa, who was only one year old when his father was executed.[80]

Biographies

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  • Canadian author J. Timothy Hunt's The Politics of Bones (September 2005), published shortly before the 10th anniversary of Saro-Wiwa's execution, documented the flight of Saro-Wiwa's brother Owens Wiwa, after his brother's execution and his own imminent arrest, to London and then on to Canada, where he is now a citizen and continues his brother's fight on behalf of the Ogoni people. Moreover, it is also the story of Owens' personal battle against the Nigerian government to locate his brother's remains after they were buried in an unmarked mass-grave.[81]
  • Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria (1998), edited by Abdul Rasheed Naʾallah, provides more information on the struggles of the Ogoni people[82]
  • Onookome Okome's book, Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent (1999)[83] is a collection of essays about Wiwa
  • In the Shadow of a Saint: A Son's Journey to Understanding His Father's Legacy (2000), was written by his son Ken Wiwa.
  • Saro-Wiwa's own diary, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, was published in January 1995, two months after his execution.
  • In Looking for Transwonderland - Travels in Nigeria, his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa tells the story of her return to Nigeria years after her father's murder.

Bibliography

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A collection of handwritten letters and poems by Saro-Wiwa and audio recordings of visits and meetings with family and friends after his death were donated to Maynooth University by Sister Majella McCarron.[84] The letters are now in the Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI).[85]

See also

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Àdàkọ:Portal bar

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Ken Saro-Wiwa | Nigerian author and activist | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Ken Saro-Wiwa". Encyclopedia Britannica. 6 November 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ken-Saro-Wiwa#ref1041816. Retrieved 19 July 2021. 
  3. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: Information on the Ogoni people including where they live, names of towns and villages, languages spoken and a detailed map of Ogoni areas". Refworld (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 2023-04-27. 
  4. ↑ "Ogoni 9 execution anniversary: Who be Ken Saro-Wiwa" (in pcm). BBC News Pidgin. 11 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-50371699. 
  5. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa". FantasticFiction. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Environmentalist Leader – Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995)". Tunza Eco Generation. 16 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa's battle for justice". aljazeera.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 28 March 2022. 
  8. ↑ "Buhari mulls pardon for Saro-Wiwa, others 26 years after execution". Punch Newspapers (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 23 October 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  9. ↑ Ndege, Yvonne (10 November 2015). "Ken Saro-Wiwa's widow talks about execution 20 years on". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Doron & Falola 2016, pp. 36, 39.
  11. ↑ Doron & Falola 2016, p. 41.
  12. ↑ Doron & Falola 2016, p. 50.
  13. ↑ "Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist". nigerdeltaconnect.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 16 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  14. ↑ Doron & Falola 2016, p. 43.
  15. ↑ Brooke, James (24 July 1987). "Enugu Journal; 30 Million Nigerians are Laughing at Themselves". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/24/world/enugu-journal-30-million-nigerians-are-laughing-at-themselves.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Saro-Wiwa, Kenule 1941–1995 | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  17. ↑ "Ken Saro Wiwa | Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries". zodml.org. Retrieved 26 February 2022. 
  18. ↑ Doron & Falola 2016, p. 64.
  19. ↑ "Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist". nigerdeltaconnect.com (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  20. ↑ "Remembering Ken Saro-Wiwa, 19 years after". TheCable (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 10 November 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  21. ↑ Bennett, Eric (2010). "Saro-Wiwa, Kenule Beeson". In Gates J., Henry Louis. Encyclopedia of Africa. 2. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-3474?rskey=WBPZVE&result=1. Retrieved 19 July 2021. 
  22. ↑ McIntyre, Joe A. (1996). "The Writer as Agitator: Ken Saro-Wiwa" (in en). Afrika Spectrum 31 (3): 295–311. https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=161354211. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Schulze-Engler, Frank (2006). "Civil Society and the Struggle for Democratic Transition in Modern Nigerian Drama". In Matzke, Christine. Of Minstrelsy and Masks : the legacy of Ezenwa-Ohaeto in Nigerian writing. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 267–292. ISBN 9042021683. 
  24. ↑ "Analysis | The complex life and death of Ken Saro-Wiwa" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/07/29/the-complex-life-death-of-ken-saro-wiwa/. 
  25. ↑ Uzoatu, Uzor Maxim (15 November 2020). "The Literary Lives and Times of Ken Saro-Wiwa". THISDAYLIVE (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 North, Michael (2001). "Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy: The Politics of "Rotten English"". Public Culture 13 (1): 97–112. doi:10.1215/08992363-13-1-97. ISSN 1527-8018. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/26234. Retrieved 31 March 2021. 
  27. ↑ Uwasomba, Chijioke (1 December 2011). "War, violence and language in Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy" (in en). Neohelicon 38 (2): 487–498. doi:10.1007/s11059-010-0085-2. ISSN 1588-2810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11059-010-0085-2. 
  28. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld The Ogoni Crisis: A Case-Study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria". Refworld (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  29. ↑ "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Ken Saro-Wiwa: A foremost environmentalist". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  31. ↑ "A Month and a Day". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 27 September 2022. 
  32. ↑ "Clean the Niger Delta – 'We all stand before history', Ken Saro-Wiwa, 1995". UNPO. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ "UNPO: Ogoni". unpo.org. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  34. ↑ "UNPO: About UNPO". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Saro-Wiwa, Ken (1992). Genocide in Nigeria: the Ogoni tragedy. London, UK: Saros International Publishers. ISBN 1-870716-22-1. OCLC 27043040. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27043040. 
  36. ↑ "The Life & Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa: The Struggle for Justice in the Niger Delta". adiama.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2010.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: Information on a demonstration or rally organized by the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP) in Ogoniland in May 1994 which preceded the killing of four Ogoni chiefs". Refworld (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  38. ↑ "Ken Saro Wiwa | Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries". zodml.org. Retrieved 28 February 2022. 
  39. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (9 June 2009). "Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/08/nigeria-usa. 
  40. ↑ Entine, Jon (18 June 2009). "Seeds of NGO Activism: Shell Capitulates in Saro-Wiwa Case". NGO Watch. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa". The Goldman Environmental Prize. 1995. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ "The Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 27 September 2022. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Aigbogun, Frank (13 November 1995). "Nigerian Activist's Last Words: 'The Struggle Continues'". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ "NIGERIA". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  45. ↑ AP (11 November 1995). "Nigeria's Military Leaders Hang Playwright And 8 Other Activists". Deseretnews.com. Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Aigbogun, Frank (13 November 1995). "It took five tries to hang Saro-Wiwa". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/it-took-five-tries-to-hang-saro-wiwa-1581703.html. 
  47. ↑ Crawshaw, Steve; Maier, Karl (11 November 1995). "World fury as Nigeria sends writer to gallows". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "ASSEMBLY CONDEMNS ARBITRARY EXECUTION OF KEN SARO-WIWA AND EIGHT CO-DEFENDANTS IN NIGERIA BY VOTE OF 101-14-47". www.un.org. 22 December 1995. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ "ASSEMBLY CONDEMNS ARBITRARY EXECUTION OF KEN SARO-WIWA AND EIGHT CO-DEFENDANTS IN NIGERIA BY VOTE OF 101-14-47 | UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 27 September 2022. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Plaut, Martin (31 December 2019). "UK and US considered Nigeria naval blockade over Saro-Wiwa execution". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50892306. 
  51. ↑ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ Hartman, Carl (11 November 1995). "U.S. Recalls Ambassador After Nigeria Executes Nine Activists". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/0f5de90d3224dc88e8f9b807fd5206a3. 
  53. ↑ Olukotun, Ayo (2 March 2004). Repressive State and Resurgent Media Under Nigeria's Military Dictatorship, 1988-98. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 9789171065247. https://books.google.com/books?id=qz9BlWO7ExwC&pg=PA129. Retrieved 29 June 2020. 
  54. ↑ "COMMONWEALTH-NIGERIA: Suspended With a Two-Year Stay of Expulsion". Inter Press Service. 12 November 1995. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Asika, Obiageli (23 August 2017). "Apply Now: Ken Saro Wiwa Foundation Ken Junior Award For Innovation 2017". DailyDigest Nigeria (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ Alexander Sewell (6 March 2018). "Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation award for innovation". SDN (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ "Factsheet: Shell's Environmental Devastation in Nigeria". Center for Constitutional Rights (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  58. ↑ "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2009.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ "The Alien Tort Statute – CJA" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  60. ↑ "Shell settles Nigeria deaths case". BBC. 9 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8090493.stm. 
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  63. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa's battle for justice" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  64. ↑ Wiwa, Ken (10 November 2015). "Finally it seems as if Ken Saro-Wiwa, my father, may not have died in vain". The Guardian (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  65. ↑ "Why Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Deutsche Welle. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  69. ↑ "UNPO: Ogoni: Saro Wiwa Sculpture Finds New Home in London". unpo.org. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
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  71. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa". The My Hero Project. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  72. ↑ Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans"Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 March 2023
  73. ↑ James, Frank (9 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize's Notable Omissions". NPR. https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html. 
  74. ↑ "Richard North Patterson author interview". BookBrowse.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  75. ↑ "Elected Governor Wike Renames Rivers State Polytechnic" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Nigeria Universities - Polytechnics and College of Education news. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2022. [Ìjápọ̀ tí kò ṣiṣẹ́ mọ́]
  76. ↑ "Street named after Ken Saro Wiwa in Amsterdam (photos)" (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Linda Ikeji's Blog. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  77. ↑ McGreevy, Ronan. "Last letters of Nigerian activist published" (in en). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/last-letters-of-nigerian-activist-published-1.1587713. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Henley, Jon (30 December 2011). "Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa's daughter remembers her father". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/dec/31/noo-saro-wiwa-kens-daughter-nigeria. 
  79. ↑ Berens, Jessica (28 May 2004). "'I've seen a different face of Nigeria'". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4192508/Ive-seen-a-different-face-of-Nigeria.html. 
  80. ↑ "From 'Silence Would Be Treason' - the last writings of Ken Saro-Wiwa". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  81. ↑ "The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil". Quill and Quire (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). 21 October 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 
  82. ↑ Na'Allah, Abdul Rasheed, ed (1998). Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria. Africa World Press. ISBN 0865436479. 
  83. ↑ Okome, Onookome (1999). Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent. Africa World Press. 
  84. ↑ "Ken Saro Wiwa Audio Archive | Maynooth University". www.maynoothuniversity.ie. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  85. ↑ "Ken Saro-Wiwa - Digital Repository of Ireland". repository.dri.ie. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

Sources

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  • Doron, Roy; Falola, Toyin (2016). Ken Saro-Wiwa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821422014. 
[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

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