Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà

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Àfiwé bí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Áfríkà ṣe gba òmìnira láàrin ọdún 1950 sí 2011

Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà jẹ́ ǹkan tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn ọdún 1950s sí 1975 nígbà Cold War, tí ọ̀pọ̀lopọ̀ orílẹ̀ èdè sì gba òmìnira. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ló mú wàhálà àti àìsimin dání, díè nínú wọn ni Mau Mau rebellionBritish Kenya, Algerian WarFrench Algeria, Congo CrisisBelgian Congo, Angolan War of IndependencePortuguese Angola, Zanzibar RevolutionSultanate of Zanzibar, àti Ogun Abele NàìjíríàBiafra àti ìjọba Nàìjíríà jà.[1][2][3][4][5]

Bí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè náà ṣe gba òmìnira[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

Tábìlì yí sọ bí àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè méjìdínlógọ́ta ṣe gba òmìnira.

Ìtò Orílẹ̀-èdè [lower-alpha 1] Orúkọ wọn nígbà ìsìnrú Orílẹ̀-èdè akónilẹ́rú [lower-alpha 2] Ọjọ́ tí wọ́n gba òmìnira [lower-alpha 3] Adarí àkọ́kọ́[lower-alpha 4] Bí wọ́n ṣe gba òmìnira
1  Liberia Liberia  United States 26 July 1847[lower-alpha 5] Joseph Jenkins Roberts[lower-alpha 6]
William Tubman
Liberian Declaration of Independence
2  South Africa[lower-alpha 7] Cape Colony
Colony of Natal
Orange River Colony
Àdàkọ:Country data Transvaal Colony Transvaal Colony
 United Kingdom 31 May 1910[lower-alpha 8] Louis Botha South Africa Act 1909
3  Egypt[lower-alpha 9] Sultanate of Egypt 28 February 1922[lower-alpha 10] Fuad I[lower-alpha 11] Egyptian revolution of 1919
4 Àdàkọ:Country data Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian East Africa Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italy
 United Kingdom
31 January 1942
19 December 1944
Haile Selassie Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
(East African campaign)
 Eritrea Italian Eritrea Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italy[lower-alpha 12] 10 February 1947[lower-alpha 13] Haile Selassie[lower-alpha 14] Eritrean War of Independence
5 Emirate of Cyrenaica British Military Administration  United Kingdom 1 March 1949 Idris
5 United Kingdom of Libya British Military Administration
Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory
Emirate of Cyrenaica
 United Kingdom
Fránsì France
Emirate of Cyrenaica
24 December 1951 Western Desert campaign
5  Libya[lower-alpha 15] Italian Libya[lower-alpha 16] Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italy
 United Kingdom
24 December 1951 Idris Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
U.N. General Assembly Resolution 289[7]
6  Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan  United Kingdom[lower-alpha 17]
Egypt
1 January 1956[lower-alpha 18] Ismail al-Azhari[lower-alpha 19] -[lower-alpha 20]
7  South Sudan
8  Tunisia[lower-alpha 21] Tùnísíà French Tunisia  France
 United Kingdom
20 March 1956 Muhammad VIII al-Amin
Habib Bourguiba
-[lower-alpha 22]
9  Morocco Mòrókò French Morocco
Tangier International Zone
Spanish Morocco
Spanish West Africa
Ifni
 France
 Spain
2 March 1956[lower-alpha 23]
7 April 1956
10 April 1958
4 January 1969
14 November 1975
27 February 1976
Mohammed V Ifni War
10  Ghana[lower-alpha 24]  Gold Coast  United Kingdom 6 March 1957[lower-alpha 25] Kwame Nkrumah[lower-alpha 26] 1956 Gold Coast general election
11  Guinea Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa  France 2 October 1958 Ahmed Sékou Touré 1958 Guinean constitutional referendum
12  Cameroon Kamerun
French Cameroon
British Cameroon
 German Empire
 France
 United Kingdom
4 March 1916
1 January 1960[lower-alpha 27]
1 October 1961
Karl Ebermaier
Ahmadou Ahidjo
John Ngu Foncha
-[lower-alpha 28]
13  Togo French Togoland  France 27 April 1960 Sylvanus Olympio -
14  Mali French West Africa 20 June 1960[lower-alpha 29] Modibo Keïta -
15  Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor -
16  Madagascar[lower-alpha 30] French Madagascar 26 June 1960 Philibert Tsiranana -[lower-alpha 31]
17  Democratic Republic of the Congo

[lower-alpha 32]

 Belgian Congo  Belgium 30 June 1960 Joseph Kasa-Vubu Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference[lower-alpha 33]
18  Somalia[lower-alpha 34] Àdàkọ:Country data British Somaliland
Trust Territory of Somaliland
 United Kingdom
 Italy
26 June 1960
1 July 1960[lower-alpha 35]
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Aden Adde
-
19 Benin Republic of Dahomey Benin Republic of Dahomey
Pọ́rtúgàl Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
Fránsì France
Pọ́rtúgàl Portugal
1 August 1960
31 July 1961[9]
Hubert Maga
19  Benin[lower-alpha 36] Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa  France 1 August 1960 Hubert Maga -
20  Niger 3 August 1960 Hamani Diori -
21  Burkina Faso

[lower-alpha 37]

5 August 1960 Maurice Yaméogo -
22  Ivory Coast 7 August 1960 Félix Houphouët-Boigny -
23  Chad Àdàkọ:Country data French Equatorial Africa 11–12 August 1960 François Tombalbaye -
24  Central African Republic 13 August 1960 David Dacko -
25  Republic of the Congo 14–15 August 1960 Fulbert Youlou -
26  Gabon 16–17 August 1960 Léon M'ba -
27  Nigeria Colonial Nigeria
British Cameroon
 United Kingdom 1 October 1960
1 June 1961
1 October 1961[lower-alpha 38]
Nnamdi Azikiwe -
28  Mauritania Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa  France 28 November 1957
28 November 1960
Moktar Ould Daddah -
29  Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate  United Kingdom 27 April 1961 Milton Margai -
30 Àdàkọ:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964)[lower-alpha 39] Àdàkọ:Country data Tanganyika Territory 9 December 1961 Julius Nyerere -
31  Burundi[lower-alpha 40] Àdàkọ:Country data German East Africa
Ruanda-Urundi
 Germany
 Belgium
1 July 1919
1 July 1962
Mwambutsa IV of Burundi -
32  Rwanda Yuhi V Musinga
Grégoire Kayibanda
Rwandan Revolution
33  Algeria French Algeria  France 5 July 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella[lower-alpha 41] Algerian War
Évian Accords
34  Uganda Protectorate of Uganda  United Kingdom 9 October 1962 Milton Obote -
35  Kenya British East Africa 12 December 1963[lower-alpha 42] Jomo Kenyatta[lower-alpha 26] -[lower-alpha 43]
36 Sultanate of Zanzibar[lower-alpha 39] Sultanate of Zanzibar 10 December 1963 Jamshid bin Abdullah -[lower-alpha 44]
37  Malawi Àdàkọ:Country data Nyasaland 6 July 1964[lower-alpha 45] Hastings Banda[lower-alpha 26] -
38  Zambia Àdàkọ:Country data Northern Rhodesia 24 October 1964 Kenneth Kaunda -
39  The Gambia Gambia Colony and Protectorate 18 February 1965[lower-alpha 46] Dawda Jawara[lower-alpha 26] -
40 Àdàkọ:Country data Rhodesia
 Zimbabwe
Àdàkọ:Country data Southern Rhodesia 11 November 1965[lower-alpha 47] Ian Smith Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
41  Botswana Bechuanaland Protectorate 30 September 1960 – 1966[lower-alpha 48] Seretse Khama -
42  Lesotho Basutoland 4 October 1966 Leabua Jonathan[lower-alpha 49] -
43  Mauritius Mauritius 12 March 1968 Seewoosagur Ramgoolam -
44  Eswatini Swaziland 6 September 1968 Sobhuza II -
45  Equatorial Guinea Spanish Guinea  Spain 12 October 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema -
46  Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea  Portugal 24 September 1973
10 September 1974 (recognised)
5 July 1975[lower-alpha 50]
Luís Cabral
João Bernardo Vieira
Aristides Pereira
Pedro Pires
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
47  Mozambique[lower-alpha 51] Portuguese Mozambique 25 June 1975 Samora Machel Mozambican War of Independence
48  Cape Verde Portuguese Cape Verde 5 July 1975 Aristides Pereira[lower-alpha 52] Guinea-Bissau War of Independence[lower-alpha 53]
49  Comoros French Comoros  France 6 July 1975 Ahmed Abdallah 1974 Comorian independence referendum
50  São Tomé and Príncipe Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe  Portugal 12 July 1975 Manuel Pinto da Costa -
51  Angola[lower-alpha 54] Portuguese Angola 11 November 1975 Agostinho Neto Angolan War of Independence
52  Seychelles Crown Colony of the Seychelles  United Kingdom 29 June 1976 James Mancham -
53  Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas  France 27 June 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
54  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[lower-alpha 55] Spanish Sahara
Mòrókò Southern Provinces
Mauritáníà
Western Tiris
 Spain
 Morocco
Mauritáníà
Mauritania 
27 February 1976
independence not yet effectuated
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed
Mohamed Abdelaziz
Western Sahara War
Western Sahara conflict
55  Namibia Àdàkọ:Country data South West Africa  South Africa October 27, 1966 (de jure)[11]
21 March 1990
Sam Nujoma U.N. Security Council Resolution 269

South African Border War

Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]

  1. John Hatch, Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule (1967)
  2. William Roger Louis, The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960 (Yale UP, 1982).
  3. Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-540-9. 
  4. John D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (2014).
  5. for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960 (Doubleday, 1971).
  6. wucher King, Joan (1989). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7. 
  7. "A/RES/289(IV) - E - A/RES/289(IV)". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-07-23. 
  8. Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan Archived 18 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese São João Baptista de Ajudá in 1961.
  10. UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19
  11. UN resolution 2145 terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia, making it de jure independent. South Africa did not relinquish the territory until 1990


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