Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà
Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà jẹ́ ǹkan tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn ọdún 1950s sí 1975 nígbà Cold War, tí ọ̀pọ̀lopọ̀ orílẹ̀ èdè sì gba òmìnira. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ló mú wàhálà àti àìsimin dání, díè nínú wọn ni Mau Mau rebellion ní British Kenya, Algerian War ní French Algeria, Congo Crisis ní Belgian Congo, Angolan War of Independence ní Portuguese Angola, Zanzibar Revolution ní Sultanate of Zanzibar, àti Ogun Abele Nàìjíríà tí Biafra àti ìjọba Nàìjíríà jà.[1][2][3][4][5]
Bí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè náà ṣe gba òmìnira
[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]Tábìlì yí sọ bí àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè méjìdínlógọ́ta ṣe gba òmìnira.
Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí
[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]- ↑ John Hatch, Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule (1967)
- ↑ William Roger Louis, The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960 (Yale UP, 1982).
- ↑ Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-540-9.
- ↑ John D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (2014).
- ↑ for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960 (Doubleday, 1971).
- ↑ wucher King, Joan (1989). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
- ↑ "A/RES/289(IV) - E - A/RES/289(IV)". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
- ↑ Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan Archived 18 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese São João Baptista de Ajudá in 1961.
- ↑ UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19
- ↑ UN resolution 2145 terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia, making it de jure independent. South Africa did not relinquish the territory until 1990
- ↑ Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonisation was achieved jointly by multiple countries or where the current country is formed by the merger of previously decolonised countries. Although Ethiopia was administered as a colony in the aftermath of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and was recognized by the international community as such at the time, it is not listed here as its brief period under Italian rule (which lasted for a little more than five years and ended with the return of the previous native government) is now usually seen as a military occupation.
- ↑ Some territories changed hands multiple times, so only the last colonial power is mentioned in the list. In addition, the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and UN Trust Territories.
- ↑ The dates of decolonisation for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonised independent countries are given in separate notes, as are dates when a Commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy.
- ↑ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm, a monarchy with a strong Prime Minister, or a parliamentary republic, the head of government is listed instead.
- ↑ Liberia would later annex the Republic of Maryland, another settler colony made up of former African-American slaves, in 1857. Liberia would not be recognized by the United States until 5 February 1862.
- ↑ Stephen Allen Benson was President on the date of the United States' recognition.
- ↑ As Union of South Africa.
- ↑ The Union of South Africa was constituted through the South Africa Act entering into force on 31 May 1910. On 11 December 1931 it got increased self-governance powers through the Statute of Westminster which was followed by transformation into a republic after the 1960 referendum. Afterwards, South Africa was under apartheid until elections resulting from the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa on 27 April 1994 when Nelson Mandela became president.
- ↑ As the Kingdom of Egypt. Transcontinental country, partially located in Asia.
- ↑ On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence except four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[6] The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until 23 July 1952. The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956.
- ↑ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution (Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser) became the de facto leaders of Egypt, neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister, succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution. Nasser would succeed Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954.
- ↑ From 1 April 1941 to its eventual transfer to Ethiopia, Italian Eritrea was occupied by the United Kingdom.
- ↑ Date marking the de jure end of Italian rule. The transfer of Eritrea to the Ethiopian Empire occurred on 15 September 1952. On 24 May 1993, after decades of fighting starting from 1 September 1961, Eritrea formally seceded from Ethiopia.
- ↑ Emperor of Ethiopia on the date of the transfer. Isaias Afwerki became President of Eritrea upon independence.
- ↑ As the United Kingdom of Libya.
- ↑ From 1947, Libya was administrated by the Allies of World War II (the United Kingdom and France). Part of the British Military Administration originally gained independence as the Cyrenaica Emirate; it was only recognized by the United Kingdom. The Cyrenaica Emirate also merged to form the United Kingdom of Libya.
- ↑ Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands.[8]
- ↑ Before Sudan even gained its independence, on 18 August 1955 the southern area of Sudan began fighting for greater autonomy. After the signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement on 28 February 1972, South Sudan was granted autonomous rule. On 5 June 1983, however, the Sudan government revoke this autonomous rule, igniting a new war for control of South Sudan. (The main non-government combatant of the Second Sudanese Civil War largely claimed to be fighting for a united, secular Sudan rather than South Sudan's independence.) On 9 July 2005, following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed on 9 January of that year, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was restored; exactly six years later, in the aftermath of the 9–15 January 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum, South Sudan became independent.
- ↑ Salva Kiir Mayardit became President of South Sudan upon independence. Abel Alier was the first President of the High Executive Council of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region, while John Garang became its President following its restoration.
- ↑ Sudan's independence is indirectly linked to the Egyptian revolution of 1952, whose leaders eventually denounced Egypt's claim over Sudan. (This revocation would force the British to end the condominium.)
- ↑ As the Kingdom of Tunisia.
- ↑ See Tunisian independence.
- ↑ Cape Juby was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958. Ifni was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969.
- ↑ As the Dominion of Ghana.
- ↑ The British Togoland mandate and trust territory was integrated into Gold Coast colony on 13 December 1956. On 1 July 1960 Ghana formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic.
- 1 2 3 4 Originally as Prime Minister; became President upon the monarchy's abolition.
- ↑ After the French Cameroun mandate and trust territory gained independence it was joined by part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961. The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria.
- ↑ Minor armed insurgency from Union of the Peoples of Cameroon.
- ↑ Senegal and French Sudan gained independence on 20 June 1960 as the Mali Federation, which dissolved a few months later into present-day Senegal and Mali.
- ↑ As the Malagasy Republic.
- ↑ The Malagasy Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from France.
- ↑ As the Republic of the Congo.
- ↑ The Congo Crisis occurred after independence.
- ↑ As the Somali Republic.
- ↑ The Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) united with the State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland) on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic (Somalia).
- ↑ As the Republic of Dahomey.
- ↑ As Upper Volta.
- ↑ Part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 joined Nigeria. The other part of British Cameroons joined the previously decolonised French Cameroun mandate and territory.
- 1 2 After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 as Tanzania.
- ↑ As the Kingdom of Burundi.
- ↑ Assumed office on September 27, 1962, as Prime Minister. From the date of independence to Ben Bella's inauguration, Abderrahmane Farès served as President of the Provisional Executive Council.
- ↑ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly one year later; Jamhuri Day ("Republic Day") is a celebration of both dates.
- ↑ The Mau Mau Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from the United Kingdom.
- ↑ The Sultanate of Zanzibar would later be overthrown within a month of sovereignty by the Zanzibar Revolution.
- ↑ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly two years later.
- ↑ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy on 24 April 1970.
- ↑ Due to Rhodesia's unwillingness to accommodate the British government's request for black majority rule, the United Kingdom (along with the rest of the international community) refused to recognize the white-minority led government. The former self-governing colony would not be recognized as an independent state until the aftermath of the Rhodesian Bush War, under the name Zimbabwe.
- ↑ Botswana Day Holiday is the second day of the two-day celebration of Botswana's independence. The first day is also referred to as Botswana Day.
- ↑ Moshoeshoe II became King upon independence.
- ↑ Not celebrated as a holiday. The date 24 September 1973 (when the PAIGC formally declared Guinea's independence) is celebrated as Guinea-Bissau's date of independence.
- ↑ As the People's Republic of Mozambique
- ↑ Pedro Pires was sworn in as Prime Minister three days after independence.
- ↑ Although the fight for Cape Verdean independence was linked to the liberation movement occurring in Guinea-Bissau, the island country itself saw little fighting.
- ↑ As the People's Republic of Angola
- ↑ The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Spanish Sahara), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexed the entire territory in 1979). The decolonisation of Western Sahara is still pending, while a declaration of independence has been proclaimed by the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, which controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall. The UN still considers Spain the legal administrating country of the whole territory,[10] awaiting the outcome of the ongoing Manhasset negotiations and resulting election to be overseen by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. However, the de facto administrator is Morocco (see United Nations list of non-self-governing territories).
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